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. 2023 Feb 7;131(2):027004. doi: 10.1289/EHP11171

Figure 1.

Figure 1 is a set of ten error bar graphs. On the top, the five error bar graphs are titled cord blood lead, plotting relative risks (95 percent confidence interval) per doubling chemical level, ranging from 0 to 4 in unit increments (y-axis) across total cohort; sex, including female and male; Race or ethnicity, including Underrepresented group and Non-Hispanic White; prenatal social disadvantage index score, including high (greater than or equal to 3) and Low (less than 3); and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, including low (less than 45) and high (greater than or equal to 45) (x-axis) for Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale 7 (anxiety) and Patient Health Questionnaire- 8 (depression). At the bottom, the five error bar graphs are titled cord blood manganese, plotting relative risks (95 percent confidence interval) per doubling chemical level, ranging from 0 to 4 in unit increments (y-axis) across total cohort; sex, including female and male; Race or ethnicity, including Underrepresented group and Non-Hispanic White; prenatal social disadvantage index score, including high (greater than or equal to 3) and Low (less than 3); and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, including low (less than 45) and high (greater than or equal to 45) (x-axis) for Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale 7 (anxiety) and Patient Health Questionnaire- 8 (depression).

Overall and sociodemographic/nonchemical stressor strata-specific RRs (95% CI) [RR (95% CI)] for early adulthood elevated anxiety (GAD-7) and depressive symptoms (PHQ-8) associated with a doubling of cord whole blood Pb and Mn (micrograms per deciliter). Note: Single-exposure modified Poisson regression models adjusted for parental and household characteristics (PNSDI score, maternal smoking during pregnancy) and participant characteristics [age at assessment, race/ethnicity (URG, NHW), sex, HOME score]. For each outcome and chemical, RRs were estimated from five models: one with no interaction term and four including a product interaction term between the chemical and each of the four specified other stressors. See Table S6 for corresponding numeric data. CI, confidence interval; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; Mn, manganese; NHW, Non-Hispanic White; Pb, lead; PHQ-8, Patient Health Questionnaire; PNSDI, prenatal social disadvantage index score; RR, risk ratio; URG, underrepresented group.