TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the 688 hypertensive Covid-19 patients stratifying by RASIs use versus no-RASIs use
| Total | No-RASIs use | RASIs use | |||
| N non-missing | N = 688 | N = 229 | N = 459 | P | |
| Male sex | 688 | 489 (71.1%) | 154 (67.2%) | 335 (73.0%) | 0.12 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 688 | 72.0 (63.0–79.0) | 73.0 (64.0–79.0) | 72.0 (63.0–79.0) | 0.35 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 503 | 27.3 (24.6–30.7) | 26.8 (24.3–30.0) | 27.4 (24.8–31.1) | 0.20 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30) | 512 | 149 (29.1%) | 43 (25.3%) | 106 (31.0%) | 0.18 |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Current smoker | 606 | 20 (3.3%) | 10 (5.2%) | 10 (2.4%) | 0.096 |
| Former smoker | 144 (23.8%) | 51 (26.4%) | 93 (22.5%) | ||
| Never smoker | 442 (72.9%) | 132 (68.4%) | 310 (75.1%) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | 686 | 193 (28.1%) | 54 (23.6%) | 139 (30.4%) | 0.060 |
| CKF | 685 | 84 (12.3%) | 33 (14.4%) | 51 (11.2%) | 0.22 |
| COPD | 685 | 62 (9.1%) | 28 (12.2%) | 34 (7.5%) | 0.040 |
| Long-term oxygen therapy | 685 | 18 (2.6%) | 5 (2.2%) | 13 (2.9%) | 0.61 |
| Active solid neoplasm | 684 | 29 (4.2%) | 11 (4.8%) | 18 (4.0%) | 0.60 |
| Active haematologic malignancy | 684 | 24 (3.5%) | 12 (5.2%) | 12 (2.6%) | 0.12 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 684 | 54 (7.9%) | 23 (10.1%) | 31 (6.8%) | 0.13 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 683 | 101 (14.8%) | 33 (14.5%) | 68 (14.9%) | 0.87 |
| Chronic heart failure | 686 | 47 (6.9%) | 19 (8.3%) | 28 (6.1%) | 0.29 |
| Angina/previous revascularization | 671 | 109 (16.2%) | 37 (17.1%) | 72 (15.9%) | 0.70 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 674 | 93 (13.8%) | 33 (15.1%) | 60 (13.2%) | 0.49 |
| Vasculopathy | 686 | 91 (13.3%) | 30 (13.1%) | 61 (13.3%) | 0.93 |
| Rheumatic disease | 685 | 38 (5.5%) | 12 (5.2%) | 26 (5.7%) | 0.80 |
| Immunosuppression | 684 | 39 (5.7%) | 15 (6.6%) | 24 (5.3%) | 0.48 |
| Home therapies | |||||
| MRAs | 652 | 44 (6.7%) | 22 (10.8%) | 22 (4.9%) | 0.006 |
| Loop diuretics | 652 | 135 (20.7%) | 56 (27.5%) | 79 (17.6%) | 0.004 |
| Other diuretics | 651 | 132 (20.3%) | 14 (6.9%) | 118 (26.4%) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 650 | 266 (40.9%) | 93 (46.0%) | 173 (38.6%) | 0.075 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 688 | 332 (48.3%) | 134 (58.5%) | 198 (43.1%) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 651 | 242 (37.2%) | 63 (31.0%) | 179 (40.0%) | 0.029 |
| Steroids | 681 | 35 (5.1%) | 13 (5.8%) | 22 (4.8%) | 0.61 |
| Oral antidiabetics | 682 | 141 (20.7%) | 38 (16.8%) | 103 (22.6%) | 0.080 |
| Insulin | 682 | 51 (7.5%) | 17 (7.5%) | 34 (7.5%) | 0.98 |
| OAT/DOACs | 683 | 112 (16.4%) | 42 (18.6%) | 70 (15.3%) | 0.28 |
| Antiplatelets | 683 | 254 (37.2%) | 87 (38.5%) | 167 (36.5%) | 0.62 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 681 | 263 (38.6%) | 88 (38.9%) | 175 (38.5%) | 0.90 |
| Symptoms on admission | |||||
| Fever | 679 | 581 (85.6%) | 189 (83.6%) | 392 (86.5%) | 0.31 |
| Cough | 678 | 264 (38.9%) | 94 (41.8%) | 170 (37.5%) | 0.29 |
| Anorexia | 678 | 48 (7.1%) | 15 (6.7%) | 33 (7.3%) | 0.77 |
| Asthenia | 678 | 187 (27.6%) | 66 (29.3%) | 121 (26.7%) | 0.47 |
| Myalgia | 678 | 39 (5.8%) | 15 (6.7%) | 24 (5.3%) | 0.47 |
| Dyspnoea | 678 | 431 (63.6%) | 141 (62.7%) | 290 (64.0%) | 0.73 |
| Sore throat | 677 | 11 (1.6%) | 4 (1.8%) | 7 (1.5%) | 0.76 |
| Dizziness | 678 | 26 (3.8%) | 7 (3.1%) | 19 (4.2%) | 0.49 |
| Abdominal pain | 678 | 16 (2.4%) | 6 (2.7%) | 10 (2.2%) | 0.71 |
| Diarrhoea | 678 | 62 (9.1%) | 19 (8.4%) | 43 (9.5%) | 0.66 |
| Nausea | 677 | 36 (5.3%) | 10 (4.4%) | 26 (5.8%) | 0.48 |
| Vomiting | 678 | 34 (5.0%) | 10 (4.4%) | 24 (5.3%) | 0.63 |
| Chest pain | 678 | 27 (4.0%) | 9 (4.0%) | 18 (4.0%) | 0.99 |
| Hypo/anosmia | 668 | 8 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (1.8%) | 0.059 |
| Hypo/agenusia | 669 | 12 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (2.6%) | 0.012 |
| Vital signs at entry | |||||
| Heart beat frequency (bpm) | 604 | 83.0 (73.0–93.0) | 81.0 (73.0–91.0) | 84.0 (73.0–94.0) | 0.22 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 593 | 127.0 (113.0–142.0) | 125.0 (110.0–140.0) | 129.0 (115.0–145.0) | 0.032 |
| Outcome | |||||
| Death | 688 | 240 (34.9%) | 85 (37.1%) | 155 (33.8%) | 0.39 |
Symbol N stands for group numerosity. Symbol P stands for P value for the difference between RASIs-use and no-RASIs-use populations with respect to a specific characteristic. For each yes-no characteristic (e.g. male sex), the table reports number and percentage of ‘yes’ patients within a particular stratum.
CKF, chronic kidney failure, defined as glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min per m2; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MRAs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; OAT/DOACs, oral anticoagulant therapy/direct oral anticoagulants.