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. 2023 Feb 7;14(2):88. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05595-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A MitoSOX results showed that AOPPs (200 μg/mL) significantly increased mtROS levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. Pretreatment with apocynin, MitoTEMPO or rapamycin significantly reduced AOPP-induced mtROS production. Apocynin or MitoTEMPO alone also decreased mtROS levels in MC3T3-E1 cells, while rapamycin alone had no significant effect on mtROS levels. However, 3-MA not only elevated the mtROS level when administered alone but also further increased AOPP-induced mtROS generation (n = 6 for each group). B DCFH-DA results showed that the intracellular ROS production induced by 200 μg/mL AOPPs could be decreased by pretreatment with apocynin, MitoTEMPO and rapamycin. 3-MA further increased the intracellular ROS generation induced by AOPPs. Apocynin, MitoTEMPO, rapamycin and 3-MA had no significant effect on intracellular ROS production compared to the control group (n = 6 for each group). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus control, ^#P < 0.05 versus AOPPs.