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. 2023 Feb 7;14(2):88. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05595-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A–G AOPP treatment significantly increased PINK1, Parkin, LC3A/B-II, Atg12-Atg5, and Beclin-1 expression while decreasing p62 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. H–K AOPP treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ULK1 but inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR in a concentration-dependent manner. L, M The expression level of LC3A/B-II in AOPPs+BafA1 was significantly higher than AOPPs group. N Representative confocal microscope images using LysoTracker Red revealed that AOPPs induced lysosome generation in MC3T3-E1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (scale bar = 20 μm). O Representative confocal microscope images showed that AOPPs induced TOM20 degradation in a concentration-dependent manner (scale bar = 20 μm). P Representative confocal microscope images showed that AOPPs induced HSP60 degradation in a concentration-dependent manner (scale bar = 50 μm). Q Representative TEM images showing autophagosomes (white arrow) and mitophagy (red arrow, M: mitochondria) in MC3T3-E1 cells after AOPP treatment (scale bar = 500 nm). All experiments were repeated for at least three times. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus control.