. 2023 Jan 25;14:1059375. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059375

Table 4.

Results of standard multiple regressions.

			LLP-time	LLP-Av. Freq.	LLP-amusement	LLP-communicative	LLP-curriculum	LLP-test	Achievement
Senior I	β	LLM-integrative	0.05	0.23^**	0.30^**	0.27^**	0.00	0.10^**	0.13^**
		LLM-development	0.18^**	0.19^**	0.04	0.03	0.32^**	0.14^**	0.15^**
		LLM-requirement	−0.05	0.00	0.01	−0.06	0.04	−0.01	−0.07
		TP-validity	0.13^**	0.11^**	−0.02	0.07^*	0.15^**	0.12^**	0.10^**
		TP-importance	0.06	0.11^**	0.00	0.05	0.13^**	0.12^**	0.02
	F		26.41^***	66.06^***	26.80^***	29.36^***	69.65^***	31.21^***	24.40^***
	R ²		0.10	0.22	0.10	0.11	0.23	0.12	0.09
	R² adjusted		0.10	0.21	0.10	0.11	0.22	0.11	0.09
Senior II	β	LLM-integrative	0.08^*	0.29^**	0.27^**	0.30^**	0.09^**	0.16^**	0.18^**
		LLM-development	0.10^**	0.05	−0.05	−0.07	0.17^**	0.07	0.08^*
		LLM-requirement	−0.01	0.01	−0.02	−0.03	0.05	0.02	−0.05
		TP-validity	0.13^**	0.17^**	−0.05	0.16^**	0.21^**	0.19^**	0.10^**
		TP-importance	0.08^*	0.14^**	0.10^*	0.04	0.10^*	0.13^**	0.07^*
	F		20.47^***	64.81^***	17.90^***	31.05^***	52.93^***	44.09^***	27.01^***
	R ²		0.09	0.23	0.08	0.12	0.20	0.17	0.11
	R² adjusted		0.08	0.22	0.07	0.12	0.19	0.16	0.11
Senior III	β	LLM-integrative	0.00	0.28^**	0.29^**	0.30^**	0.12^**	0.07	0.18^**
		LLM-development	0.09^*	−0.01	−0.03	−0.18^**	0.09	0.08	0.01
		LLM-requirement	−0.01	0.06	0.02	0.07^*	0.07^*	0.01	−0.06
		TP-validity	0.22^**	0.29^**	0.05	0.22^**	0.31^**	0.26^**	0.18^**
		TP-importance	0.07	0.09^*	−0.01	0.08^*	0.06	0.13^**	0.05
	F		16.97^***	51.53^***	14.74^***	25.12^***	42.09^***	34.82^***	18.84^***
	R ²		0.10	0.24	0.08	0.14	0.21	0.18	0.11
	R² adjusted		0.09	0.24	0.08	0.13	0.20	0.17	0.10

LLM = language learning motivation, LLP = language learning practice, Av. Freq. = average frequency; β = standardized regression coefficient; results of significance testing of coefficients were based on 1,000 bootstrap samples; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.