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. 2023 Jan 25;10:1058965. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1058965

TABLE 4.

Overall and gender-stratified associations of diet clusters with anthropometric and blood markers of cardiometabolic risk among the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Intervention in Matlab (MINIMat) adolescents.

Marker Diet clusters All (N = 2,253) Boys (N = 1,079) Girls (N = 1,174)
β (95% CI) P β (95% CI) P β (95% CI) P
Ln WC Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant 0.005 (−0.007, 0.016) 0.435 0.007 (−0.009, 0.024) 0.376 0.003 (−0.014, 0.019) 0.766
Meat-dominant −0.005 (−0.017, 0.007) 0.434 −0.003 (−0.021, 0.015) 0.720 −0.006 (−0.022, 0.011) 0.517
High-variety 0.003 (−0.010, 0.015) 0.674 0.007 (−0.010, 0.025) 0.402 −0.002 (−0.020, 0.016) 0.835
Ln WC Adjusted1 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant 0.002 (−0.009, 0.013) 0.724 0.009 (−0.007, 0.025) 0.281 −0.003 (−0.019, 0.014) 0.739
Meat-dominant −0.007 (−0.019, 0.004) 0.221 −0.004 (−0.021, 0.014) 0.669 −0.009 (−0.025, 0.007) 0.284
High-variety −0.004 (−0.016, 0.009) 0.567 0.002 (−0.015, 0.019) 0.840 −0.008 (−0.026, 0.009) 0.356
SBP Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant 0.473 (−0.403, 1.348) 0.290 −0.007 (−1.332, 1.317) 0.992 −0.120 (−1.290, 1.049) 0.840
Meat-dominant −0.051 (−0.975, 0.873) 0.913 −0.221 (−1.674, 1.231) 0.765 −0.432 (−1.596, 0.733) 0.467
High-variety 1.049 (0.121, 1.976) 0.027 0.815 (−0.577, 2.206) 0.251 0.171 (−1.072, 1.415) 0.787
SBP Adjusted1 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.130 (−1.002, 0.742) 0.770 0.047 (−1.275, 1.369) 0.944 −0.169 (−1.346, 1.008) 0.778
Meat-dominant −0.405 (−1.319, 0.508) 0.384 −0.263 (−1.713, 1.188) 0.722 −0.443 (−1.614, 0.728) 0.458
High-variety 0.356 (−0.570, 1.281) 0.451 0.602 (−0.796, 2.001) 0.398 0.098 (−1.155, 1.350) 0.878
Ln TG Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.076 (−0.121, −0.032) <0.001 −0.089 (−0.155, −0.023) 0.008 −0.007 (−0.069, 0.054) 0.814
Meat-dominant −0.049 (−0.096, −0.002) 0.041 −0.076 (−0.148, −0.004) 0.039 −0.003 (−0.063, 0.058) 0.932
High-variety −0.067 (−0.114, −0.020) 0.005 −0.052 (−0.121, 0.017) 0.140 −0.038 (−0.102, 0.027) 0.257
Ln TG Adjusted1 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.045 (−0.089, 0.00007) 0.050 −0.089 (−0.155, −0.022) 0.009 0.001 (−0.060, 0.062) 0.974
Meat-dominant −0.031 (−0.077, 0.016) 0.196 −0.076 (−0.149, −0.004) 0.039 0.006 (−0.055, 0.067) 0.846
High-variety −0.032 (−0.079, 0.015) 0.181 −0.053 (−0.122, 0.017) 0.140 −0.026 (−0.091, −0.032) 0.439
TC Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.078 (−0.151, −0.005) 0.037 −0.025 (−0.121, 0.071) 0.614 −0.005 (−0.113, 0.103) 0.924
Meat-dominant −0.081 (−0.158, −0.003) 0.040 −0.064 (−0.170, 0.041) 0.229 −0.034 (−0.142, 0.073) 0.527
High-variety −0.070 (−0.147, 0.007) 0.077 −0.026 (−0.127, 0.074) 0.606 0.009 (−0.105, 0.124) 0.875
TC Adjusted1 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.019 (−0.091, 0.053) 0.610 −0.024 (−0.120, 0.071) 0.615 −0.009 (−0.118, 0.010) 0.864
Meat-dominant −0.044 (−0.120, 0.031) 0.248 −0.060 (−0.165, 0.045) 0.262 −0.029 (−0.136, 0.079) 0.600
High-variety −0.013 (−0.089, 0.064) 0.746 −0.032 (−0.133, 0.070) 0.539 0.006 (−0.109, 0.121) 0.921
LDL Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.041 (−0.103, 0.022) 0.202 0.007 (−0.073, 0.088) 0.855 0.016 (−0.078, 0.110) 0.743
Meat-dominant −0.049 (−0.115, 0.017) 0.146 −0.025 (−0.113, 0.063) 0.579 −0.019 (−0.112, 0.074) 0.685
High-variety −0.035 (−0.101, 0.031) 0.296 0.008 (−0.076, 0.092) 0.850 0.022 (−0.077, 0.122) 0.657
LDL Adjusted1 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant 0.006 (−0.056, 0.067) 0.860 0.008 (−0.072, 0.087) 0.853 0.009 (−0.085, 0.103) 0.854
Meat-dominant −0.021 (−0.085, 0.044) 0.531 −0.021 (−0.109, 0.066) 0.631 −0.017 (−0.110, 0.077) 0.728
High-variety 0.007 (−0.058, 0.072) 0.844 −0.003 (−0.087, 0.082) 0.952 0.016 (−0.084, 0.115) 0.759
HDL Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant 0.002 (−0.022, 0.026) 0.867 0.003 (−0.033, 0.039) 0.876 −0.005 (−0.040, 0.029) 0.761
Meat-dominant −0.011 (−0.036, 0.015) 0.402 −0.016 (−0.055, 0.023) 0.429 −0.009 (−0.043, 0.025) 0.593
High-variety −0.006 (−0.031, 0.020) 0.664 −0.023 (−0.061, 0.014) 0.228 0.010 (−0.026, 0.047) 0.573
HDL Adjusted1 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.00001 (−0.025, 0.025) 0.998 0.002 (−0.034, 0.038) 0.913 −0.007 (−0.042, 0.028) 0.691
Meat-dominant −0.011 (−0.036, 0.015) 0.418 −0.013 (−0.053, 0.026) 0.498 −0.010 (−0.044, 0.024) 0.558
High-variety −0.006 (−0.032, 0.020) 0.646 −0.016 (−0.054, 0.022) 0.408 0.008 (−0.029, 0.045) 0.673
Ln HOMA-IR Crude model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.103 (−0.188, −0.018) 0.017 −0.092 (−0.222, 0.037) 0.163 −0.008 (−0.121, 0.104) 0.884
Meat-dominant −0.087 (−0.176, 0.002) 0.057 −0.072 (−0.214, 0.070) 0.322 −0.054 (−0.165, 0.057) 0.342
High-variety −0.033 (−0.122, 0.057) 0.476 0.019 (−0.117, 0.156) 0.781 0.003 (−0.116, 0.122) 0.958
Ln HOMA-IR Adjusted2 model Traditional Ref Ref Ref
Fish-dominant −0.055 (−0.138, 0.027) 0.189 −0.090 (−0.218, 0.038) 0.170 −0.026 (−0.135, 0.082) 0.634
Meat-dominant −0.052 (−0.139, 0.034) 0.236 −0.068 (−0.209, 0.072) 0.340 −0.040 (−0.148, 0.068) 0.464
High-variety −0.028 (−0.116, 0.059) 0.527 −0.016 (−0.152, 0.120) 0.814 −0.043 (−0.158, 0.072) 0.464

Ref, reference category; Ln, natural-log transformed variable where the base of the log was 2.71828; b, regression coefficient; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, insulin resistance from Homeostasis Model Assessment.

1Adjusted for gender, household wealth, and maternal education.

2Additionally adjusted for sample storage time, that showed a negative correlation with fasting insulin level (Spearman’s ρ = −0.2, P < 0.001). Statistically significant coefficients are presented in bold.