TABLE 5.
Type, rate, dan frequency of breathing training.
| No | Author | Type of breathing training | Respiratory rate | Frequency and duration | Change in BP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Jones et al. (2010) | slow deep breathing at home, either unloaded or loaded breathing | 6 cycles/min | 30 min, twice a day, every day for 8 weeks | - unloaded breathing: 7.0 mmHg (SBP) and 13.5 mmHg (DBP) |
| - loaded breathing: 18.8 mmHg (SBP) and 8.6 mmHg (DBP) | |||||
| 2. | Lin et al. (2012) | heart rate variability–biofeedback (HRV-BF) slow abdominal breathing | 6 cycles/min | 20-min period twice a day for 5 weeks | HRV-BF |
| SBP decreased by 12,8 mmHg | |||||
| DBP decreased by 7,4 mmHg | |||||
| SAB | |||||
| SBP decreased by 7,7 mmHg | |||||
| DBP decresed by 4,4 mmHg | |||||
| 3. | de Barros et al. (2017) | Device-guided slow breathing | ≤10 breaths/min | daily for 15 min for 8 weeks | no changes |
| 4. | Wang et al. (2021) | device-guided slow breathing | 6 cycles/minute | 3 min, five times per day over the 3 months | no changes in SBP |
| 5. | Hering et al. (2013) | SLOWB exercise using device guided breathing | 10 breaths/min | 15-min daily sessions over 8 weeks | no changes |
| 6. | Wang et al. (2010) | slow abdominal breathing combined with frontal EMG biofeedback training and daily home practice | 6 cycles/min | 10 sessions of treatment once every 3 days. Each session lasted 25 min twice every day at home, with each period lasting 20 min | SBP decreased by 8.4 mmHg and the DBP by 3.9 mmHg |
| 7. | Mitsungnern et al. (2021) | pursed-lip breathing and number counting | 8.5 cycles/min | 15 min (min) of each hour for 3 h | SBP: 28.2 mmHg DBP: 17.1 mmHg |
| 8. | Anderson et al. (2010) | device-guided slowbreathing (DGB) exercise | ≤10 breaths/min | daily 15-min sessions for 4 weeks | |
| 9. | Sangthong et al. (2016) | loaded breathing (18 cm H2O) and unloaded breathing | six breaths per min | 30 min every day for 8 weeks | SBP was reduced by 18 ± 7 (loaded group) and 11 ± 4 mmHg (unloaded groups) |
| 10. | Jones et al. (2015) | slow breathing | 6 cycles/min | 30 min, twice a day, and every day for 8 weeks | sBP response to handgrip exercise after training was reduced by 10 mmHg and HR by 5 bpm |
| Unloaded and loaded (20 cm H2O) | |||||
| 11. | Ping et al. (2018) | music guided, slow and deep breathing | 5 cycles/min | 15 min per day for 8 weeks | Music guided |
| 10.5 mmHg | |||||
| Music + BE: 8.3 mmHg | |||||
| 12 | Li et al. (2018) | slow breathing | 8 and 16 breaths per minute | 5 min for 2 periode | Resting SBP: from 150.36 ± 12.9 to 146.63 ± 11.12 (8 b/m) dan from 150.36 ± 12.9 to 152.57 ± 10.35 (16 b/m) |
| 13. | Ublosakka-Jones et al. (2018) | Slow loaded breathing training (SLB) group with a load of 25% MIP using a BreatheMAX device | 6 breaths per minute | total of 60 breaths a day, every day for 8 weeks | Resting SBP decreased by 20 mmHg for SLB and by 5 mmHg for CON. |
| DBP decreased significantly for SLB (9 mmHg) | |||||
| 14. | Kalaivani et al. (2019) | alternate nostril breathing exercise | Not mention | two times a day (10 min duration of exercise each time) for 5 days | Decreased SBP by 54,22 mmHg |
| Decreased DBP by 6,47 mmHg | |||||
| Decreased hert rate by 3,41 bpm | |||||
| 15. | de Barros et al. (2017) | device-guided slow breathing (breathe with interactive music (BIM)) | <10 breaths min-1 | 15 min | SBP: decreased by 6 mmHg (BIM) and 4 mmHg (CG) |
| DBP: decresed by 4 mmHg (BIM) and 3 mmHg (CG) | |||||
| MSNA: reduced by 8bursts/min (BIM) | |||||
| 16. | Ubolsakka-Jones et al. (2019) | slow loaded breathing (SLB: 25% maximum inspiratory pressure | 6 breaths per minute | 60 breaths a day, every day for 8 weeks | Home SBP decreased by 22 mmHg, DBP by 9 mmHg and HR by 12 bpm |
| 17. | Srinivasan & Rajkumar, (2019) | Slow breathing training | 6 breaths/minute | 30 min | SBP reduced by 12.3 mmHg |
| DBP reduced by 3.9 mmHg | |||||
| 18. | Modesti et al. (2010) | Buteyko and pranayama breathing technique (voluntary music-guided slow breathing) | 4–6 breaths/min | 30-min daily for 6 onths | Office SBP decreased by 7,4 mmHg and DBP decreased by 3,9 mmHg |
| 19. | Ubolsakka-Jones et al. (2017) | Slow loaded breathing training (loaded breathing Training) | 6 breaths/min | 30 min a day every day for 8 weeks | resting SBP decreased by 10.6 mmHg |
| the SBP at the end of exercise was reduced by 12.6 mmHg | |||||
| 20. | Adhana et al. (2013) | 2:1 yogic breathing technique | 5 breaths/min | twice a day for 5–7 min for 3 months | SBP decreased by 12 mmHg and DBP by 7 mmHg |
BIM, Breathe with interactive music; CG, Control group; CON, Deep breathing control; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; DGB, Device-guided slow breathing; EMG, Electromyographic; HR, Heart rate; HRV-BF, Heart rate variability biofeedback; MSNA, Muscle sympathetic nerve activity; SAB Slow abdominal breathing; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SLOWB, Slow breathing; SLB, Slow loaded breathing.