Table 2.
Relationship between Parkinson’s disease and autoimmune disease.
| Study | Measures reported | Risk estimates (in original reports) | Risk factors adjusted | Risk estimates (calculated/with correction) | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ludvigsson et al. (24) | HR | CLD: 1.20 (0.80-1.90) | NA | NA | 8/9 |
| Rugbjerg et al. (13) | OR | IBD: 1.35 (0.99-1.83); CD: 1.10 (0.50-2.10); UC: 1.30 (0.90-1.80); SS: 0.50 (0.12-2.14); SLE: 0.75 (0.22-2.52); MS: 0.49 (0.22-1.06); RA: 0.70 (0.53-0.90); GD: 1.34 (0.84-2.15); CLD: 1.11 (0.24-5.14) |
NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Taghipour et al. (25) | OR | BP: 2.70 (0.60-11.60) | Age and sex | BP: 2.60 (0.60-11.40) | 8/9 |
| Bastuji- Garin et al. (26) |
OR | BP: 2.16 (1.09-4.27) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Chen et al. (27) | OR | BP: 3.45 (3.03-3.92) | Age, sex, follow-up time, Charlson score and healthcare utilization | BP: 3.49 (3.05-3.98) | 8/9 |
| Langan et al. (28) | OR | BP: 3.00 (1.80-5.00) | Charlson scores not including neurological conditions | BP: 2.90 (1.70-4.90) | 9/9 |
| Li et al. (12) | SIR | NA | Age, period, socioeconomic status, region of residence, hospitalization of COPD, and alcoholism and alcohol-related liver disease | CD: 0.62 (0.33-1.07); UC: 1.23 (0.90-1.64); SS: 2.01 (0.63-4.72); SLE: 1.00 (0.43-1.97); MS: 1.66 (1.05-2.50); RA: 1.07 (0.89-1.26); GD: 1.63 (1.39-1.90); CLD: 1.01 (0.36-2.21) |
7/9 |
| Brick et al. (29) | OR | BP: 9.00 (0.94-86.52) | NA | NA | 8/9 |
| HR | BP: 8.56 (1.55-47.25) | NA | NA | 8/9 | |
| Teixeira et al. (31) | OR | BP: 4.91 (0.88-27.44) | NA | NA | 6/9 |
| Liu et al. (33) | HR | SLE: 0.60 (0.45-0.79) | Age and comorbidities | SLE: 0.68 (0.51-0.90) | 9/9 |
| Lin et al. (34) | HR | IBD: 1.43 (1.15-1.79); CD: 1.45 (1.15-1.83); UC: 1.25 (0.64-2.42) |
Age, sex, and comorbidities | IBD: 1.35 (1.08-1.68); CD: 1.40 (1.11-1.77); UC: 0.94 (0.49-1.84) |
9/9 |
| Sung et al. (35) | HR | RA: 0.62 (0.55-0.69) | Age and comorbidities, and nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs use | RA: 0.65 (0.58-0.73) | 9/9 |
| Thormann et al. (36) | HR | MS: 2.50 (1.66-3.76) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Bählera et al. (37) | OR | NA | Age, sex, language area, type of insurance coverage, and urbanization | IBD: 0.92 (0.67-1.27) | 7/9 |
| Daneshpazhooh et al. (38) | OR | BP: 1.14 (0.33-3.94) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Khosravani et al. (39) | OR | BP: 1.61 (0.35-7.34) | NA | NA | 6/9 |
| Kibsgaard et al. (40) | RR | BP: 2.18 (1.71-2.77) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Sim et al. (41) | OR | BP: 20.59 (4.69-90.49) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Wu et al. (17) | OR | SS: 1.56 (1.30-1.86); SLE: 1.24 (0.79-1.93) |
NA | SS: 1.37 (1.15-1.65) | 7/9 |
| Yu Phuan et al. (42) | OR | BP: 2.90 (1.16-7.29) | Age, gender, race, functional status and any prescribed relevant neurological medications | BP: 2.13 (0.80-5.69) | 9/9 |
| Camacho-Soto et al. (21) | OR | NA | Age, race, sex, and probability of smoking, comorbidities | IBD: 0.85 (0.80-0.91); CD: 0.83 (0.74-0.93); UC: 0.88 (0.82-0.96) | 7/9 |
| Chang et al. (14) | HR | NA | Age group, sex, and comorbidities | SS: 1.56 (1.35-1.79); RA: 1.14 (1.03-1.28) |
9/9 |
| Jeon et al. (43) | OR | BP: 3.45 (1.49-7.98) | NA | NA | 6/9 |
| Kridin et al. (44) | OR | BP: 2.09 (1.74-2.51) | Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 1.97 (1.64-2.36) | 8/9 |
| Peter et al. (45) | IR | IBD: 1.28 (1.14-1.44); CD: 1.26 (1.03-1.54); UC: 1.30 (1.13-1.50) |
Time-varying age group and sex, and offset by time | IBD: 1.28 (1.14-1.44); CD: 1.26 (1.03-1.53); UC: 1.31 (1.14-1.51) | 9/9 |
| Villumsen et al. (15) | HR | IBD: 1.24 (1.12-1.38) | Gender and age; comorbidity index | IBD: 1.22 (1.09-1.35); CD: 1.35 (1.20-1.52); UC: 1.12 (0.89-1.40) |
9/9 |
| Chen et al. (16) | RR | NA | Age and sex | SS: 3.39 (1.83-6.27) | 8/9 |
| Papakonstantinou et al. (47) | OR | BP: 2.9 (1.00-8.40) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Park et al. (48) a | HR | NA | Age, sex, place of residence, income level, and comorbidities | IBD: 1.87 (1.43-2.44); CD: 2.23 (1.12-4.45); UC: 1.85 (1.38-2.48) | 9/9 |
| Weimers et al. (50) | HR | NA | Sex, age, index date, and place of residency | IBD: 1.30 (1.00-1.60); CD: 1.10 (0.70-1.70); UC: 1.30 (1.00-1.70) |
9/9 |
| Bacelis et al. (22) | OR | RA: 0.60 (0.46-0.77) | NA | NA | 8/9 |
| Coates et al. (2021) | HR | NA | Age, sex, residence, region, smoking alcohol consumption and comorbidities | IBD: 1.01 (0.72-1.42); CD: 1.33 (0.80-2.21); UC: 0.81 (0.51-1.29) | 9/9 |
| Kridin et al. (54) | OR | BP: 2.71 (2.19-3.35) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Kronzer et al. (55) | OR | RA: 0.71 (0.50-0.99) | Age, sex, race, BMI, education, smoking | RA: 0.70 (0.49-0.98) | 8/9 |
| Sayar et al. (56) | OR | BP: 1.29 (0.30-5.47) | NA | NA | 7/9 |
| Cho et al. (57) | HR | GD: 1.37 (1.21-1.56) | Age, sex, household income, and comorbidities | GD:1.33 (1.17-1.51) | 7/9 |
| Kim et al. (58) | HR | IBD: 1.55 (1.23-1.96); CD: 1.05 (0.59-1.88); UC: 1.66 (1.30-2.12) |
Age, sex, residential area, and comorbidities | IBD: 1.56 (1.24-1.97); CD: 1.03 (0.58-1.84); UC: 1.69 (1.32-2.15) | 9/9 |
| Kwon et al. (59) | HR | NA | Age, sex and comorbidities | MS: 7.73 (3.87-15.47) | 9/9 |
NA, not applicable.