Table 1.
Participant characteristics of matched sample1
| Bariatric surgery (n=30,359) | Intensive lifestyle (n=21,356) | Matched general population (n=303,507) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women, n (%) | 24,116 (79.4) | 16,965 (79.4) | 241,103 (79.4) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 40 (10.8) | 41 (11.3) | 41 (10.8) |
| BMI at screening (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 40.5 (4.0) | 40.0 (4.2) | Not available |
| BMI 30 to <35, n (%) | 2094 (6.9) | 1473 (6.9) | Not available |
| BMI 35 to <40, n (%) | 12,316 (40.6) | 8664 (40.6) | Not available |
| BMI 40 to <45, n (%) | 11,773 (38.8) | 8282 (38.8) | Not available |
| BMI 45 to <50, n (%) | 4176 (13.8) | 2938 (13.8) | Not available |
| Married, n (%) | 13,370 (44.0) | 8614 (40.3) | 130,413 (43.0) |
| Education level, n (%) | |||
| Primary school | 3983 (13.1) | 2802 (13.1) | 38,053 (12.5) |
| High school | 19,200 (63.2) | 13,506 (63.2) | 143,428 (47.3) |
| University | 7119 (23.4) | 5008 (23.4) | 115,340 (38.0) |
| Missing data | 57 (0.2) | 40 (0.2) | 6686 (2.2) |
| Previous opioid use, n (%) | |||
| None | 23,839 (78.5) | 16,770 (78.5) | 266,302 (87.7) |
| Intermittent use2 | 6015 (19.8) | 4231 (19.8) | 32,472 (10.7) |
| Chronic use3 | 505 (1.7) | 355 (1.7) | 4733 (1.6) |
| Comorbidity and drug use, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 2476 (8.2) | 1742 (8.2) | 7399 (2.4) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5712 (18.8) | 4018 (18.8) | 32,909 (10.8) |
| Psychiatric care | 5149 (17.0) | 3622 (17.0) | 43,610 (14.4) |
| Substance use disorder | 590 (1.9) | 415 (1.9) | 10,320 (3.4) |
| Antidepressants | 9240 (30.4) | 6500 (30.4) | 58,248 (19.2) |
| Anxiolytics | 5750 (18.9) | 4045 (18.9) | 43,220 (14.2) |
1
Using coarsened exact matching, bariatric surgery and intensive lifestyle participants were matched on sex, age, BMI, education, history of opioid use, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric care, substance use disorder, antidepressant use, and anxiolytics use; general population comparators were matched on age, sex and place of residence
2
≥1 prescription in the 2 years before intervention but not all 6-month periods
3
Dispensed prescriptions in every 6-month period in the 2 years before intervention