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Role of HIF-1α in different immune cells. HIF-1α facilitates anti-infection, anti-tumor and hypoxic adaptation of innate immunity. HIF-1α promotes the proliferation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; IL-4, interleukin-4; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.
