Table 2.
Outcomes of psychological tests: comparison of study participants with the general population.
| Questionnaire | General healthy population | Studied population of patients with T1DMa at baseline (N=37) | P valueb | ||||||
|
|
People, n (%) | Mean (SD) | Patients, n (%) | Mean (SD) |
|
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| CISSc | |||||||||
|
|
Task-oriented score | 151 (100) | 56.95 (8.65) | 34 (92)d | 58.09 (10.33) | .581 | |||
|
|
Emotion-oriented scorea | 151 (100) | 45.16 (9.94) | 34 (92)d | 36.94 (10.65) | <.001 | |||
|
|
Avoidance-oriented score | 151 (100) | 43.54 (8.64) | 34 (92)d | 40.78 (9.05) | .105 | |||
|
|
Distraction scorea | 151 (100) | 19.11 (5.51) | 34 (92)d | 16.34 (4.40) | .002 | |||
|
|
Social diversion score | 151 (100) | 16.42 (3.62) | 34 (92)d | 16.44 (4.09) | .979 | |||
| Brief-COPEe | |||||||||
|
|
Active copinga | 590 (100) | 1.57 (0.79) | 37 (100) | 2.22 (0.69) | .003 | |||
|
|
Planninga | 590 (100) | 1.89 (0.79) | 37 (100) | 2.30 (0.69) | .005 | |||
|
|
Positive reframinga | 590 (100) | 1.67 (0.77) | 37 (100) | 1.89 (0.54) | .020 | |||
|
|
Acceptancea | 590 (100) | 1.78 (0.77) | 37 (100) | 2.11 (0.63) | .002 | |||
|
|
Humora | 590 (100) | 0.82 (0.78) | 37 (100) | 1.16 (0.67) | .003 | |||
|
|
Religion | 590 (100) | 0.85 (0.85) | 37 (100) | 0.87 (0.95) | .900 | |||
|
|
Use of emotional support | 590 (100) | 1.66 (0.91) | 37 (100) | 1.93 (0.78) | .043 | |||
|
|
Use of instrumental support | 590 (100) | 1.56 (0.93) | 37 (100) | 1.83 (0.8) | .049 | |||
|
|
Self-distraction | 590 (100) | 1. 37 (0.84) | 37 (100) | 1.33 (0.61) | .925 | |||
|
|
Denial | 590 (100) | 0.63 (0.71) | 37 (100) | 0.49 (0.51) | .115 | |||
|
|
Ventinga | 590 (100) | 1.01 (0.69) | 37 (100) | 1.30 (0.67) | .011 | |||
|
|
Substance use | 590 (100) | 0.37 (0.65) | 37 (100) | 0.32 (0.50) | .563 | |||
|
|
Behavioral disengagement | 590 (100) | 0.58 (0.06) | 37 (100) | 0.57 (0.50) | .907 | |||
|
|
Self-blame | 590 (100) | 1.20 (0.76) | 37 (100) | 1.04 (0.8) | .237 | |||
| STAIf | |||||||||
|
|
STAI X1 score (males, age 21-40 years) | 89 (100) | 37.25 (8.65) | 13 (35)g | 38.83 (10.77) | .613 | |||
|
|
STAI X2 score (males, age 21-40 years) | 89 (100) | 39.46 (7.06) | 13 (35)g | 40.83 (9.01) | .599 | |||
|
|
STAI X1 score (males, age 41-54 years) | 73 (100) | 38.16 (8.53) | 7 (19)g | 39.33 (8.08) | .716 | |||
|
|
STAI X2 score (males, age 41-54 years) | 73 (100) | 42.20 (7.62) | 7 (19)g | 37.67 (9.29) | .211 | |||
|
|
STAI X1 score (females, age 21-40 years) | 90 (100) | 36.89 (8.37) | 9 (24)g | 38.00 (8.93) | .699 | |||
|
|
STAI X2 score (females, age 21-40 years) | 90 (100) | 43.27 (8.06) | 9 (24)g | 38.67 (12.19) | .268 | |||
|
|
STAI X1 score (females, age 41-54 years) | 97 (100) | 41.07 (11.05) | 6 (16)g | 36.00 (7.18) | .106 | |||
|
|
STAI X2 scorea (females, age 41-54 years) | 97 (100) | 47.80 (9.78) | 6 (16)g | 39.50 (9.27) | .034 | |||
| GSESh scorea | 496 (100) | 27.32 (5.32) | 37 (100) | 31.08 (2.99) | <.001 | ||||
| PSS-10i scorea | 1830 (100) | 16.62 (7.50) | 37 (100) | 22.14 (4.27) | <.001 | ||||
| SWLSj score | 555 (100) | 20.37 (5.32) | 37 (100) | 21.46 (4.53) | .161 | ||||
| AISk scorea | 70 (100); data for the general population with diabetes | 24.81 (7.09) | 37 (100) | 32.17 (5.96) | <.001 | ||||
| MHLC l Scale Form C | |||||||||
|
|
Internality score (age 26-35 years)a | 70 (100) | 27.81 (4.48) | 8 (22)m | 24.38 (3.18) | .008 | |||
|
|
Doctors and other (powerful) people score (age 26-35 years)a | 70 (100) | 20.00 (4.61) | 8 (22)m | 24.50 (4.07) | .003 | |||
|
|
Chance score (age 26-35 years) | 70 (100) | 16.93 (5.60) | 8 (22)m | 19.0 (6.57) | .392 | |||
|
|
Internality score (age>36 years)a | 485 (100) | 24.87 (5.71) | 28 (76)m | 23.57 (2.37) | .012 | |||
|
|
Doctors and other (powerful) people score (age>36 years) | 485 (100) | 23.43 (5.88) | 28 (76)m | 24.14 (4.26) | .403 | |||
|
|
Chance score (age>36 years)a | 485 (100) | 21.05 (6.29) | 28 (76)m | 17.86 (6.18) | .008 | |||
| PRFn | |||||||||
|
|
Awaiting clarification of the diseasea | 185 (100) | 10.09 (2.79) | 37 (100) | 8.2 (3.27) | .001 | |||
|
|
Searching for emotional support | 185 (100) | 5.64 (3.97) | 37 (100) | 4.91 (3.35) | .243 | |||
|
|
Gaining informationa | 185 (100) | 9.68 (2.95) | 37 (100) | 8.09 (2.86) | .001 | |||
aT1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.
bP<.05.
cCISS: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations.
dHere, 3 (8%) persons were excluded from the analysis: 1 (33 %) from the 16-24–year and 2 (67%) from the 55-79–year age group. CISS norms for the general population are divided into group categories.
eBrief-COPE: Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory.
fSTAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
gHere, 1 (3%) female and 1 (3%) male were excluded from the analysis, from the 55-69–year age group. STAI norms for the general population are divided into gender and age categories.
hGSES: Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale.
iPSS-10: Perceived Stress Scale 10 Items.
jSWLS: Satisfaction with Life Scale.
kAIS: Acceptance of Illness Scale.
lMHLC: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control.
mHere, 1 (3%) person was excluded from the analysis, from the 18-25–year age group. MHLC norms for the general population are divided into age categories.
nPRF: Patient Requests Form.