Table 2.
Pre-clinical and clinical studies of different potential treatments in COVID-19 patients
| SARS-CoV-2 Clearance | Time to Clinical improvement | Length of stay | Mechanical Ventilation | Mortality | Secondary infection | ICU admission rate | Symptoms Resolution | Critical progressing | CT-Scan | *Lab data | Other | References | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate until day | Time to clearance | Viral load | 7—ordinal scale | based on study | Oxygen support | Ward | ICU | Duration in days | Requirement rate | 28-day mortality | Simple death rate | Time to death | |||||||||
| Novaferon | ✓ | ✓ | [195] | ||||||||||||||||||
| INF β-1a | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [196] | |||||||||||||||
| Baloxavir Marboxil and Favipiravir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [197] | |||||||||||||||||
| Hydrocortisone | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [198] | |||||||||||||||||
| Corticosteroid | ✓ | ✓ | [199] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Favipiravir | ✓ | ✓ | [200] | ||||||||||||||||||
| TCM | ✓ | ✓ | [201] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Granulocyte colony- stimulating factor | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [202] | ||||||||||||||
| Kaletra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [38] | ||||||||||||||||
| Plasma | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [203] | |||||||||||||||||
| Azithromycin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [204] | ||||||||||||||||
| HCQ and Azithromycin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [45] | |||||||||||||||||
| HCQ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [205] | |||||||||||||||||
| HCQ | ✓ | ✓ | [206] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Azithromycin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [207] | ||||||||||||||||
| Azvudine | ✓ | ✓ | [208] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Favipiravir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [209] | |||||||||||||||
| Sovodac | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [210] | |||||||||||||||||
| TCM | [211] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Sovodac | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [212] | ||||||||||||||||
| INF β-1b | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [213] | |||||||||||||||
| Actemra | ✓ | ✓ | [214] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Arbidol | ✓ | ✓ | [215] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Combinational Regimen | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [216] | |||||||||||||||||
| HCQ and Atazanavir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [217] | |||||||||||||||
| Ruxolitinib | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Cytokines/Lymphocyte recovery time | [173] | |||||||||||||
| TCM | ✓ | CRP/ESR/Lymphocyte/WBC | [218] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Dexamethasone | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [219] | |||||||||||||||||
| Methyl Prednisolone | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CBC/CRP/ESR/IL-6/Ferritin/Troponin/D-Dimer/LDH/CPK | [220] | |||||||||||||
| IFN β-1a | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [221] | ||||||||||||||||
| Bromhexine | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CRP/LDH/NLR | [222] | ||||||||||||||
| Colchicine | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Troponin/CRP | [223] | ||||||||||||||||
| Leflunomide | ✓ | ✓ | CRP | [224] | |||||||||||||||||
| Azithromycin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [204] | |||||||||||||||
| HCQ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [225] | |||||||||||||||||
| EECOVERY study (Dexamethasone) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [226] | |||||||||||||||||
| Leflunomide | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CRP/Cytokines | [227] | ||||||||||||||||
| METCOVID study (Methyl Prednisolone) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [228] | ||||||||||||||||
| Remdesivir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [229] | ||||||||||||||
| ReciGen® | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [230] | ||||||||||||||
| HCQ and Azithromycin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Remdesivir requirement rate! | [231] | |||||||||||||||
| IVIG | ✓ | [232] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Arbidol | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | WBC/ESR/SPO-2/Time to fever-free | [233] | |||||||||||||
| HCQ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CRP/LDH/Ferritin/IL-6/D-Dimer | Vasopressor utilization / | [205] | ||||||||||||
| Baricitinib and Remdesivir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Clinical Status at day 15 | Time to NEWS2 Score (2 or less) | [234] | |||||||||||||
| Tocilizumab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [235] | |||||||||||||||
| HCQ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [236] | ||||||||||||||||
| Tocilizumab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CRP/Relation between Actemra dose and fever resolution | Vasopressor Utilization / | [237] | ||||||||||||
| TCM | ✓ | ✓ | ALT/AST/Cr/CBC/Pt/IL-6/CRP | [238] | |||||||||||||||||
| Ivermectin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Anosmia | [239] | ||||||||||||||||
| Fluvoxamine | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [119] | |||||||||||||||
| Remdesivir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Duration of different modes of respiratory support | [240] | ||||||||||||||
| Anakinra | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CRP | Clinical status assessed via WHO-CPS scoring | [241] | ||||||||||||||
| Enisamium | ✓ | [242] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Vitamin C | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IL-6/CBC/Procalcitonin/CRP | SOFA score/Vasopressor utilization | [243] | ||||||||||||
| Curcumin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Lab Data/Lymphocyte count/CRP | O2 Saturation | [244] | |||||||||||||
| ✓ | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18 | [245] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Zinc | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [246] | |||||||||||||||||
| Calcifediol | ✓ | ✓ | [247] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Plasma | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SOFA score/Vasopressor utilization | [248] | ||||||||||||
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [249] | ||||||||||||||||||
| BISCUIT Trial | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | D-Dimer/CRP/Lymphocyte/NLR/Lymphocyte to CRP ratio | SHOKS-COVID Score system/Fever time/SPO-2/Respiratory rate/NEWS2 score | [250] | |||||||||||||||
| TCM | ✓ | ✓ | Clinical improvement rate | [238] | |||||||||||||||||
| Sovodac | ✓ | Contrary to others, this trial was conducted on outpatients and Hospital admission rate was the outcome! | [179] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Pentoxyfylline | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | LDH/Lymphocyte | [251] | ||||||||||||||||
| HCQ and Azithro | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [252] | |||||||||||||||||
| Favipiravir and Actemra | ✓ | ✓ | IL-6/Lymphocytes | [253] | |||||||||||||||||
| HCQ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Vasopressor utilization | [254] | |||||||||||||
| TCM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ARDS development | [255] | ||||||||||||||||
| Tocilizumab | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SOFA score/Occurrence of thromboembolic events | [256] | |||||||||||||
| Remdesivir | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [257] | |||||||||||||||||
| Kaletra & Ribavirin & INF beta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | IL-6/TNF-α | NEWS2/SOFA | [34] | |||||||||||||
| IFN-k | ✓ | ✓ | CBC/CRP/TNF-α/IL-22/IL-10/IL-8/IL-6/IL-1β / | [258] | |||||||||||||||||
| IVIG & Methylprednisolone | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | PaO2/FiO2 improvement | [259] | ||||||||||||||||
| Actemra and Corticosteroid | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [260] | ||||||||||||||
| SOLIDARITY trial | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [261] | |||||||||||||||||
| Colchicine | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CRP/LDH/NLR ratio | [262] | ||||||||||||||
| Itolizumab | IL-6/IL-1/TNF-α/Neutrophil/Lymphocyte | [263] | |||||||||||||||||||
*Lab data: Laboratory reports measured in these studies