Fig. 1. Mechanisms of Neutrophil NET formation.

Suicidal NET formation: a Chromatin decondensation is mediated by PAD4 and/or NE. b Nuclear envelope rupture is modulated by nuclear translocation of PKCα or CDK4/6 which mediate nuclear lamina disassembly (electron microscopy images of b1 well organized nuclear lamina, or b2 disassembled nuclear lamina [256]). c Rupture of the plasma membrane is achieved by disassembly of cortical cytoskeleton (c1, electron microscopy image of actin cortex [257]). (α, β) Representative confocal microscopy images of an untreated neutrophil (α) and a PMA-treated neutrophil with ruptured nuclear envelope and extracellular NETs in which nuclear DNA forms the backbone of NETs that are decorated with the disassembled lamin B (β), stainings of lamin B and DNA with fluorescent-labeled anti-lamin B1 and DAPI. Vital NET formation: Vital NET formation has been described as either derived through nuclear blebbing, or released from mitochondria.