PBMCs from adult and aged vaccinated macaques from the time points indicated were stained for surface markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Percentage of naive CD8+ T cell and (B) CD8+ effector memory T cell populations throughout the study timeline. (C) Percentage of naive CD4+ T cell and (D) CD4+ effector memory T cell populations throughout the study timeline. Naïve T cells defined as CD95+CD28− and effector memory T cells defined as CD95−CD28+. Student t test Adult vs Old, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Adult, white bars and open circles; old, grey bars and black circles.