Table 1. Descriptive Statistics.
| Characteristic | Sample | P values for difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analysis | Excluded | ||
| Daily variation in staffing measures | |||
| Coefficient of variation | |||
| RNs | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 295 | 1157 | .02 |
| Mean (SD) | 0.50 (0.58) | 0.55 (0.75) | |
| CNAs | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1156 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.19 (0.17) | |
| Total outlier days | |||
| RNs | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 295 | 1157 | .003 |
| Mean (SD) | 219.83 (68.58) | 213.43 (81.62) | |
| CNAs | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1156 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 44.26 (45.20) | 77.80 (69.03) | |
| Low outlier days | |||
| RNs | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 295 | 1157 | .43 |
| Mean (SD) | 115.93 (45.39) | 114.80 (54.90) | |
| CNAs | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1156 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 22.37 (23.71) | 39.97 (39.40) | |
| Average staffing measures | |||
| Hours per resident-day | |||
| RN | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1160 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 0.41 (0.29) | 0.93 (1.05) | |
| CNA | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1160 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.16 (0.49) | 2.48 (0.73) | |
| Quality measures from nursing home compare | |||
| Quality of Resident Care 5-Star Rating | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1053 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 3.87 (1.07) | 3.73 (1.23) | |
| Survey 5-Star Rating | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1055 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.79 (1.19) | 3.26 (1.24) | |
| Other facility characteristics | |||
| Residents per day for the year | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1160 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 89.87 (51.43) | 59.60 (58.84) | |
| Case-mix index | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 94 | .001 |
| Mean (SD) | 2.81 (0.30) | 2.91 (0.35) | |
| Percentage of patients receiving Medicare | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 123 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 13.94 (12.77) | 30.98 (25.78) | |
| Percentage of patients receiving Medicaid | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 123 | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 54.63 (25.85) | 33.73 (27.78) | |
| Percentage of patients with other payer | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 123 | .06 |
| Mean (SD) | 31.43 (22.65) | 35.30 (21.48) | |
| Facility part of a chain | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 123 | .06 |
| Yes, No. (%) | 7727 (57.93) | 61 (49.59) | |
| Ownership | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1160 | <.001 |
| For profit, No. (%) | 9476 (71.04) | 341 (29.40) | |
| Nonprofit, No. (%) | 2551 (19.12) | 507 (43.71) | |
| Government, No. (%) | 520 (3.90) | 234 (20.17) | |
| More than 1 type | 792 (5.94) | 78 (6.72) | |
| Hospital based | |||
| Nursing homes, No. | 13 339 | 1160 | <.001 |
| No. (%) | 67 (0.50) | 597 (51.47) | |
Abbreviations: CNAs, certified nurse aide; RNs, registered nurses.