Figure 4. Substitution of Low- and No-Calorie Sweetened Beverages (LNCSBs) for Water.

Data were pooled using network random-effects models and expressed as mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs. To display the results for outcomes on the same plot, standardized mean differences (SMDs, represented by blue squares) and pseudo 95% CIs (represented by black horizontal lines and proportionally scaled to the 95% CIs of the MDs) were calculated. 2HPP indicates 2-hour postprandial glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase (to convert to μkat/L, multiply by 0.0167); AST, aspartate aminotransferase (to convert to μkat/L, multiply by 0.0167); BMI, body mass index; FPG; fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HbA_1c; glycated hemoglobin A_1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IHCL, intrahepatocellular lipid; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and WC, waist circumference.

^aHDL-C result has been reversed for display purposes; that is, a negative MD would mean a positive improvement.