TABLE 1.

Comparisons of previously reported method with the present method for profiling lidocaine

Method of investigation	Method of analysis	Results	Comments	Ref.
In vitro skin penetration studies	Raman mapping combined with a special calculation	Distribution image	An image displaying the penetration profile intuitively; Home‐made software with high imaging.	This work
In vivo skin penetration studies	Acquisition of the spectra by Raman mapping	Distribution image	Obtaining the image by a soft of instrument company with low sensitivity.	26
Ex vivo skin penetration studies	UV absorption	A data of total content	An ex vivo skin studies, only total penetration amount obtained by indirect calculation, without a concentration profile in skin.	27
Ex vivo skin penetration studies	UV absorption	A data of total content	An ex vivo skin studies, only a total concentration calculated by indirect calculation	28
Ex vivo skin penetration studies	HPLC	A data of total content	A tape trapping method followed by a total concentration of target.	29