Table 1: Characteristics of the sample according to hierarchical levels, sex, nutritional status and somatic maturity status.
| Sex | Nutritional status | Somatic maturity status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys (n = 549) | Girls (n = 660) | Normal weight (n = 958) | Overweight/obese (n = 251) | Late (n = 168) | On time (n = 871) | Early (n = 170) | |
| Chronological age (years) | 13.0 ± 1.5* | 12.8 ± 1.4 | 12.9 ± 1.5* | 12.6 ± 1.4 | 14.3 ± 1.4* | 12.8 ± 1.3 | 12.0 ± 1.1 |
| Age at peak height velocity (years) | 14.4 ± 0.7* | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 13.4 ± 1.2* | 12.8 ± 1.2 | 14.4 ± 1.0* | 13.3 ± 1.1 | 12.2 ± 1.0 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 67.7 ± 9.0* | 65.5 ± 7.9 | 63.4 ± 5.3* | 78.2 ± 8.2 | 64.3 ± 6.3 | 65.5 ± 7.8 | 73.8 ± 10.1† |
| Tobacco smoking (%) | 8.4% | 8.2% | 7.6% | 8.5% | 15.5%* | 6.9% | 4.5% |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 18.8% | 17.9% | 18.1% | 15.8% | 23.2%* | 17.4% | 12.8% |
| Early physical activity (%) | 74.0%* | 60.0% | 65.4% | 70.2% | 62.4% | 67.5% | 64.8% |
| Habitual physical activity (score) | 8.5 ± 1.4* | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 8.0 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 7.9 ± 1.4 |
| Screen time (hours) | 8.7 ± 5.8* | 7.7 ± 4.7 | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 8.1 ± 4.9 | 8.1 ± 4.9 | 8.2 ± 5.4 | 7.7 ± 4.7 |
| Socioeconomic status (low) (%) | 65.5% | 68.3% | 67.3% | 66.4% | 73.8% | 65.7% | 67.4% |
| Maternal educational status¹ (%) | 33.8% | 24.3% | 26.4% | 25.2% | 19.0% | 27.3% | 27.6% |
| Paternal educational status¹ (%) | 32.4% | 25.8% | 27.8% | 29.4% | 21.9% | 29.1% | 29.4% |
| Maternal tobacco smoking (%) | 14.1% | 16.0% | 15.6% | 12.5% | 15.0% | 15.7% | 11.0% |
| Paternal tobacco smoking (%) | 27.3% | 29.7% | 28.6% | 27.6% | 30.0% | 28.5% | 26.0% |
| Maternal alcohol consumption (%) | 21.7% | 25.1% | 24.7% | 18.4% | 33.0% | 24.5% | 18.0% |
| Paternal alcohol consumption (%) | 52.1% | 53.8% | 55.1% | 55.4% | 60.0% | 53.0% | 46.0% |
| Maternal body mass index (kg/m²) | 26.7 ± 5.5 | 26.4 ± 5.2 | 26.3 ± 5.3 | 27.6 ± 5.4 | 25.9 ± 5.3 | 26.6 ± 5.3 | 27.0 ± 5.5 |
| Paternal body mass index (kg/m²) | 26.5 ± 4.6 | 26.3 ± 4.3 | 26.1 ± 4.1* | 27.3 ± 4.9 | 26.4 ± 3.8 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 27.8 ± 4.9† |
| Maternal physical activity (%) | 4.3% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 3.9% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 4.0% |
| Paternal physical activity (%) | 7.2% | 6.8% | 6.5% | 7.9% | 4.0% | 7.3% | 7.0% |
| Number of siblings (n) | 2.5 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 2.0 |
*P < 0.05 for trend or differences between all groups. †denotes significant difference compared to “on time” in somatic maturity status.