TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic Factors and Comorbidities in Relation to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Death Among Residents of Long-term Care Facilities During the First and Second Waves
| The First Wave |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| A: SARS-CoV-2 Infection N = 19,691, n Cases = 6,230 |
B: COVID-19 Death N =16,486, n cases = 2,686 |
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| HR (CI) | p-Values | HR (CI) | p-Values | |
| Agea | 0.99 (0.987–0.993) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.999–1.010) | 0.08 |
| Sex, male | 0.99 (0.939–1.047) | 0.8 | 1.33 (1.232–1.444) | <0.001 |
| Education, ≥compulsory | 0.95 (0.902–0.999) | 0.04 | 0.92 (0.853–0.998) | 0.04 |
| Dementia | 1.09 (1.036–1.146) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.161–1.356) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.91 (0.856–0.966) | 0.002 | 0.92 (0.835–1.006) | 0.07 |
| Lung disease | 1.00 (0.937–1.065) | 0.9 | 0.97 (0.879–1.071) | 0.5 |
| Kidney disease | 0.94 (0.862–1.035) | 0.2 | 0.98 (0.863–1.117) | 0.8 |
| Hypertension | 1.05 (0.977–1.119) | 0.2 | 1.09 (0.979–1.211) | 0.1 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.01 (0.952–1.081) | 0.65 | 1.14 (1.035–1.248) | 0.007 |
|
The Second Wave |
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|
C: SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
D: COVID-19 Death |
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| Agea | 1.01 (1.008–1.015) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.037–1.053) | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 1.10 (1.034–1.166) | 0.002 | 1.81 (1.616–2.026) | <0.001 |
| Education, ≥compulsory | 1.02 (0.96–1.078) | 0.5 | 1.02 (0.915–1.139) | 0.7 |
| Dementia | 1.21 (1.14–1.279) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.399–1.741) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.09 (1.017–1.159) | 0.01 | 1.25 (1.094–1.438) | 0.001 |
| Lung disease | 1.14 (1.063–1.222) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.193–1.550) | <0.001 |
| Kidney disease | 1.01 (0.899–1.131) | 0.9 | 1.09 (0.891–1.338) | 0.4 |
| Hypertension | 1.05 (0.975–1.128) | 0.2 | 1.12 (0.963–1.303) | 0.1 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.08 (1.006–1.158) | 0.03 | 1.24 (1.085–1.416) | 0.002 |
Hazard ratios (HR), their 95% confidence intervals (CI) and associated p-values are estimated using fully adjusted Cox regression models (using R's survival and survminer packages), including region of residence as a proxy for infection spread. p-values are from z-statistics (z=coef/se(coef)). The proportional hazard assumption was met for all analyzes, i.e., analyzes of SARS-CoV-2 infection by factors during the first [A] and second [C] waves, and COVID-19 death by factors during the first [B] and second [D] waves.
a
Age is the number of years.