Table 2.

Estimates of effective schooling time over the 2019–2021 period

	All	Elementary	Secondary
With virtual learning at 25% effectiveness
All	69.4	71.7	64.2
	[68.7, 70.1]	[71.0, 72.3]	[63.4, 65.0]
Private schools	74.4	74.7	71.6
	[73.9, 75.0]	[74.1, 75.2]	[70.9, 72.2]
Public schools, all	68.9	71.5	63.8
	[68.2, 69.6]	[70.8, 72.1]	[63.0, 64.6]
Public schools, top-25% income	65.9	68.5	60.1
	[65.1, 66.6]	[67.8, 69.2]	[59.2, 61.0]
Public schools, bottom-25% income	72.9	74.9	68.6
	[72.3, 73.5]	[74.4, 75.5]	[67.9, 69.3]
With virtual learning at 0% effectiveness
All	59.2	62.2	52.3
	[58.3, 60.1]	[61.4, 63.1]	[51.2, 53.3]
Private schools	65.9	66.2	62.1
	[65.2, 66.7]	[65.5, 67.0]	[61.2, 62.9]
Public schools, all	58.5	62.0	51.7
	[57.6, 59.5]	[61.1, 62.8]	[50.6, 52.8]
Public schools, top-25% income	54.5	58.0	46.8
	[53.5, 55.5]	[57.1, 58.9]	[45.6, 48.0]
Public schools, bottom-25% income	63.9	66.6	58.2
	[63.1, 64.7]	[65.9, 67.3]	[57.2, 59.1]

The upper panel reports the share of effective schooling time for the 2019–2021 period as a percent of what schooling time would have been without the pandemic under the assumption that virtual learning was 25% as effective as in-person learning. The lower panel reports the share of effective schooling time under the assumption that virtual learning was not effective (i.e., the figures correspond to the share of potential schooling time over the 2019–2021 period that was effectively spent in the classroom). In each cell, the bracketed numbers correspond to lower and upper bounds based on the Burbio estimates reported in Table 1, and the point estimate is computed as the mid-point of the interval