Figure 4.

A general framework for investigating the impact of selection bias. Prior to Step 1, researchers should have developed a directed acyclic graph (DAG) for their defined research question. After Step 3, researchers may choose to use approaches that account for missing data, e.g. inverse probability weighting or imputation. Researchers may also want to integrate our framework with the Treatment And Reporting of Missing Data in Observational Studies framework (specifically Step 2: Examine the data).³³