Table 1.
Serum 25(OH)D and CRP concentration by baseline characteristics in UK Biobank
| 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | CRP (mg/L) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | Gmean (GSD) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| <65 | 236 445 (80.16) | 49.31 (21.01) | 1.32 (2.90) |
| ≥65 | 58 525 (19.84) | 52.03 (20.57) | 1.64 (2.78) |
| P a | 2.06E-188 | <1.0E-300 | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 138 911 (47.09) | 49.92 (21.03) | 1.34 (2.78) |
| Female | 156 059 (52.91) | 49.80 (20.89) | 1.42 (2.98) |
| P a | 2.60E-03 | <1.0E-300 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| <18.5 | 1443 (0.49) | 50.72 (24.42) | 0.56 (3.18) |
| (18.5–25) | 96 053 (32.56) | 53.01 (21.82) | 0.86 (2.78) |
| (25–30) | 125 559 (42.57) | 50.61 (20.56) | 1.41 (2.60) |
| ≥30 | 71 037 (24.08) | 44.32 (19.20) | 2.57 (2.56) |
| Missing | 878 (0.30) | 42.53 (21.28) | 2.23 (3.16) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | 9.36E-88 | |
| Smoking | |||
| Non-smoker | 160 897 (54.55) | 50.07 (20.63) | 1.27 (2.86) |
| Ex-smoker | 103 600 35.12 | 50.81 (21.03) | 1.47 (2.86) |
| Smokerb | 7561 (2.56) | 49.09 (21.57) | 1.40 (2.94) |
| Cigars/pipe | 1682 (0.57) | 45.49 (21.08) | 1.83 (2.71) |
| <1 to 15 cigs/day | 12 056 (4.09) | 45.36 (21.63) | 1.73 (2.95) |
| >15 cigs/day | 8158 (2.77) | 41.55 (21.77) | 2.35 (2.84) |
| Missing | 1016 (0.34) | 49.92 (21.76) | 1.74 (2.90) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | <1.0E-300 | |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Non-drinker | 19 178 (6.50) | 45.96 (20.95) | 1.69 (3.06) |
| Special occasions or 1–3 times/month | 63 647 (21.58) | 47.17 (20.36) | 1.62 (2.94) |
| 1 or 2 times/week | 78 199 (26.51) | 50.44 (20.74) | 1.38 (2.86) |
| 3 or 4 times/week | 71 296 (24.17) | 51.41 (20.87) | 1.23 (2.82) |
| Daily or almost daily | 62 445 (21.17) | 51.28 (21.51) | 1.27 (2.82) |
| Missing | 205 (0.07) | 45.08 (21.27) | 1.81 (2.98) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | <1.0E-300 | |
| Physical activity | |||
| Light | 88 245 (29.92) | 46.35 (20.20) | 1.61 (2.92) |
| Moderate | 142 803 (48.41) | 50.64 (20.80) | 1.28 (2.85) |
| Vigorous | 57 373 (19.45) | 54.02 (21.42) | 1.24 (2.79) |
| Missing | 6549 (2.22) | 43.40 (21.30) | 2.24 (3.09) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | <1.0E-300 | |
| Education | |||
| None | 50 706 (17.19) | 50.42 (21.42) | 1.84 (2.82) |
| NVQ/CSE/A-levels | 105 433 (35.74) | 50.56 (21.18) | 1.43 (2.87) |
| Degree/professional | 136 357 (46.23) | 49.08 (20.58) | 1.21 (2.86) |
| Missing | 2474 (0.84) | 50.56 (20.96) | 1.65 (2.88) |
| P a | 7.65E-87 | <1.0E-300 | |
| TDI quartiles (min–max) | |||
| Q1 (–6.26 to –3.76) | 73 533 (24.93) | 51.94 (20.72) | 1.27 (2.81) |
| Q2 (–3.76 to –2.37) | 73 780 (25.01) | 51.53 (20.71) | 1.33 (2.83) |
| Q3 (–2.37 to 0.030) | 73 655 (24.97) | 49.95 (20.77) | 1.37 (2.88) |
| Q4 (0.030 to 10.82) | 73 658 (24.97) | 45.99 (21.08) | 1.58 (3.0) |
| Missing | 344 (0.12) | 49.99 (20.46) | 1.47 (3.14) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | <1.0E-300 | |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Excellent | 49 237 (16.69) | 53.06 (21.17) | 0.98 (2.69) |
| Good | 172 566 (58.50) | 50.68 (20.71) | 1.31 (2.78) |
| Fair | 60 087 (20.37) | 46.46 (20.63) | 1.88 (2.91) |
| Poor | 12 080 (4.10) | 42.27 (21.18) | 2.65 (3.17) |
| Missing | 1000 (0.34) | 43.70 (20.08) | 1.91 (3.04) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | <1.0E-300 | |
| Long-term illness | |||
| No | 194 251 (65.85) | 50.76 (20.75) | 1.23 (2.79) |
| Yes | 94 129 (31.91) | 48.11 (21.27) | 1.74 (2.99) |
| missing | 6590 (2.23) | 47.96 (20.63) | 1.58 (2.92) |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | <1.0E-300 | |
| 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | |||
| <25 | 34 403 (11.66) | – | 1.64 (3.03) |
| 25–50 | 121 812 (41.30) | – | 1.44 (2.88) |
| 50–75 | 103 400 (35.05) | – | 1.30 (2.82) |
| >75 | 35 355 (11.99) | – | 1.21 (2.91) |
| P a | – | <1.0E-300 | |
| CRP quartiles (mg/L, min–max) | |||
| Q1 (0.08–0.64) | 72 663 (24.63) | 51.91 (21.30) | – |
| Q2 (0.65–1.3) | 74 111 (25.12) | 50.97 (20.81) | – |
| Q3 (1.31–2.72) | 74 359 (25.21) | 49.33 (20.56) | – |
| Q4 (2.73–79.95) | 73 837 (25.03) | 47.24 (20.86) | – |
| P a | <1.0E-300 | – |
CRP, C-reactive protein; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; NVQ, National Vocational Qualification; CSE, Certificate of Secondary Education; A-levels, Advanced levels; SD, standard deviation; Gmean: geometric mean; GSD: geometric standard deviation; Q, quartiles; cig, cigarette; TDI, Townsend deprivation index.
a
P-values have been adjusted for age, sex, assessment centre and nuisance factors that could affect serum 25(OH)D measurements, including month in which blood sample was taken, fasting time before blood sample was taken and sample aliquots for measurement.
b
Current smokers without information on types of tobacco that they smoke.