Table 1.
Major findings of studies (2010–2021) focused on antimicrobial resistance in E. coli in poultry in Bangladesh.
| Study duration/study area | Published year | Sample category | Sample types (n) | No. of PCR-positive E. coli | Resistance phenotype (DDT) | Resistance genotype (PCR) | MDR | ESBL | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012/Dhaka | 2016 | Broiler | Feces (40) | 11 | AMX, TE, STM, NFT, CIP, and LEV | bla TEM | √ | DDST, PCR | [28] |
| 2013/Jessore | 2018 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs (8) | 5 | AMP, CL, E, NEO, and P | — | √ | — | [29] |
| 2014/Sylhet | 2015 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs and liver sample (100) | 42 | GEN, E, P, CPX, AMX, and NA | — | √ | — | [30] |
| 2015/Mymensingh, Gazipur, and Sherpur | 2015 | Broiler | Dressed broiler (60) | 50 | AMX, AZM, CIP, E, GEN, NOR, S, and TE | — | √ | — | [31] |
| 2016/Chattogram | 2019 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs (60) | 37 | AMP, CRO, TE, STM, GEN, CL, C, CIP, NA, and E | bla TEM, tetA, and sulII | √ | — | [32] |
| 2017/Mymensingh | 2018 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs (65) | 54 | PLX, OFX, MOX, GAT, and LEV | qnrS | — | — | [33] |
| 2017/Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj, and Netrokona | 2018 | Broiler | Dressed broiler (70) | 17 | AMX, AZM, E, GEN, NOR, S, and TE | — | √ | — | [34] |
| 2017/Chittagong | 2020 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs, environmental samples (300) | 146 | OXT, CIP | tetA, tetB, and tetC | — | — | [35] |
| 2017-18/unknown | 2020 | Layer | Feces, cecum, poultry pen, and environment | 104 isolates | AMP, TE, FOX, CRO, CTX, CAZ, CFM, FEP, CIP, NA, GEN, STM, NFT, and TAZ | mcr-1, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-47, qnrB, qnrS, and rmtB | √ | PCR | [7] |
| 2017-18/Narsingdi, Narayanganj, and Manikganj | 2020 | Layer | Droppings, cloacal swabs, internal organs, feed, water, and egg surface swabs | 392 isolates | DOX, AMP, TE, NFT, CIP, NA, FOX, IMP, GEN, C, SUL, AZM, and Pb | — | √ | — | [36] |
| 2018/Dhaka and Rajshahi | 2019 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs (400) | 400 | AMP, TE, S, CIP, E, STM, CL, GEN, and LEV | tetA, tetB, blaTEM, aadA1, ereA, and dfrA1 | √ | — | [37] |
| 2018/Mymensingh | 2019 | Broiler | Cloacal swabs (60) | 44 | ERT, MEM, IMP, and CL | mcr-3 | — | — | [38] |
| 2018-19/Mymensingh and Tangail | 2020 | Turkey | Feces and intestinal contents (55) | 55 | LEV, E, GEN, C, CIP, S, MEM, and TE | tetA | √ | — | [39] |
| 2019/Dhaka, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Chattogram, and Rajshahi | 2020 | Broiler | Frozen chicken meat (133) | 86 | CIP, NA, LEV, NOR, GAT, PLX, OFX, CPX, CE, CXM, CEC, CAZ, CRO, CTX, FEP, FOX, AMP, AMX, AMC, TAZ, IMP, MEM, CL, Pb, AZN, GEN, TOB, AMK, S, NEO, TE, OXT, DOX, STM, TIG, C, and AZM | bla TEM, blaCTX-M-1 | √ | DDST, PCR | [40] |
| 2019/Mymensingh | 2020 | Layer | Feces, intestinal contents, and egg yolk, air (99) | 82 | AMP, TE, C, E, EN, NOR, CIP, S, CL, and GEN | — | √ | — | [41] |
| 2020/Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Sunamganj, and Habiganj | 2020 | Broiler and layer | Chicken meat swabs (600), broilers-300, and layers-300 | 381 (broilers-197, layers-184) | STM, E, TE, S, AMP, C, and GEN | tetA sulI, aadA1, ereA, aac-3-IV, cmlA, catA1, blaSHV, and CITM | √ | PCR | [42] |
| 2020/Mymensingh | 2021 | Broiler | Cloacal swab, farm sewage, and hand washes (150) | 114 | LEV, CIP, CAZ, CRO, CTX, AMC, CL, DOX, IMP, and MEM | — | √ | — | [43] |
n = total number of samples tested; DDT = disk diffusion test; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; MDR = multidrug resistance; AMX = amoxicillin; TE = tetracycline; STM = sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; NFT = nitrofurantoin; CIP = ciprofloxacin; LEV = levofloxacin; AMP = ampicillin; CL = colistin; E = erythromycin; NEO = neomycin; P = penicillin; GEN = gentamicin; CPX = cephalexin; NA = nalidixic acid; S = streptomycin; PLX = pefloxacin; OFX = ofloxacin; MOX = moxifloxacin; GAT = gatifloxacin; OXT = oxytetracycline; DOX = doxycycline; ERT = ertapenem; MEM = meropenem; IMP = imipenem; C = chloramphenicol; EN = enrofloxacin; NOR = norfloxacin; AZM = azithromycin; CTX = cefotaxime; CE = cephradine; CXM = cefuroxime; CEC = cefaclor; CRO = ceftriaxone; FOX = cefoxitin; CAZ = ceftazidime; CFM = cefixime; TAZ = tazobactam; SUL = sulfonamide; Pb = polymyxin B; FEP = cefepime; AMC = amoxiclav; AZN = aztreonam; TOB = tobramycin; AMK = amikacin; TIG = tigecycline; DDST = double-disk synergy test; ESBL = extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.