Table 2.
Number and Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies.
| Total | Fukushima RC | Other 14RCs | Chi-square test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | per 10,000 | n | per 10,000 | n | per 10,000 | p | ||
| 101,729 | 12,958 | 88,771 | ||||||
| Major anomalies | 2995 | 294.4 | 324 | 250.0 | 2671 | 300.9 | 0.001 | |
| Central nervous system | 312 | 30.7 | 37 | 28.6 | 275 | 31.0 | 0.64 | |
| Neural tube defect | 88 | 8.7 | 8 | 6.2 | 80 | 9.0 | 0.30 | |
| Anencephaly | 32 | 3.1 | 2 | 1.5 | 30 | 3.4 | 0.42 | |
| Encephalocele | 22 | 2.2 | 3 | 2.3 | 19 | 2.1 | 0.75 | |
| Myelomeningocele/Spina bifida | 36 | 3.5 | 4 | 3.1 | 32 | 3.6 | 1.00 | |
| Hydrocephaly | 89 | 8.7 | 10 | 7.7 | 79 | 8.9 | 0.67 | |
| Microcephaly | 38 | 3.7 | 2 | 1.5 | 36 | 4.1 | 0.22 | |
| Holoprosencephaly | 43 | 4.2 | 5 | 3.9 | 38 | 4.3 | 0.83 | |
| Craniotabes | 69 | 6.8 | 13 | 10.0 | 56 | 6.3 | 0.13 | |
| Agenesis of corpus callosum | 23 | 2.3 | 1 | 0.8 | 22 | 2.5 | 0.35 | |
| Eye | 50 | 4.9 | 10 | 7.7 | 40 | 4.5 | 0.12 | |
| Anophthalmos/microphthalmos | 22 | 2.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 20 | 2.3 | 1.00 | |
| Congenital cataract | 30 | 2.9 | 9 | 6.9 | 21 | 2.4 | 0.01 | |
| Ear | 71 | 7.0 | 11 | 8.5 | 60 | 6.8 | 0.49 | |
| Congenital aural atresia | 40 | 3.9 | 6 | 4.6 | 34 | 3.8 | 0.67 | |
| Cryptotia | 33 | 3.2 | 6 | 4.6 | 27 | 3.0 | 0.30 | |
| Oro-facial cleft | 253 | 24.9 | 32 | 24.7 | 221 | 24.9 | 0.97 | |
| Cleft palate | 54 | 5.3 | 7 | 5.4 | 47 | 5.3 | 0.96 | |
| Cleft lip with or without palate | 198 | 19.5 | 26 | 20.1 | 172 | 19.4 | 0.83 | |
| Facial cleft | 9 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 1.0 | 0.61 | |
| Respiratory system | 52 | 5.1 | 7 | 5.4 | 45 | 5.1 | 0.88 | |
| Intralobar sequestration | 5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.49 | |
| Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation | 15 | 1.5 | 3 | 2.3 | 12 | 1.4 | 0.43 | |
| Pulmonary hypoplasia | 34 | 3.3 | 4 | 3.1 | 30 | 3.4 | 1.00 | |
| Congenital heart disease | 1230 | 120.9 | 110 | 84.9 | 1120 | 126.2 | <.0001 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 106 | 10.4 | 7 | 5.4 | 99 | 11.2 | 0.06 | |
| Abdominal wall defects | 261 | 25.7 | 17 | 13.1 | 244 | 27.5 | 0.003 | |
| Omphalocele | 243 | 23.9 | 13 | 10.0 | 230 | 25.9 | 0.001 | |
| Gastroschisis | 21 | 2.1 | 4 | 3.1 | 17 | 1.9 | 0.33 | |
| Digestive system | 140 | 13.8 | 20 | 15.4 | 120 | 13.5 | 0.58 | |
| Esophageal atresia with or without fistula | 23 | 2.3 | 6 | 4.6 | 17 | 1.9 | 0.06 | |
| Duodenal atresia/stenosis | 19 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.5 | 17 | 1.9 | 1.00 | |
| Intestinal atresia/stenosis | 18 | 1.8 | 3 | 2.3 | 15 | 1.7 | 0.49 | |
| Anorectal atresia/stenosis | 46 | 4.5 | 7 | 5.4 | 39 | 4.4 | 0.61 | |
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 43 | 4.2 | 3 | 2.3 | 40 | 4.5 | 0.26 | |
| Urinary system | 265 | 26.0 | 32 | 24.7 | 233 | 26.2 | 0.75 | |
| Congenital hydronephrosis | 217 | 21.3 | 26 | 20.1 | 191 | 21.5 | 0.74 | |
| Cystic kidney | 37 | 3.6 | 4 | 3.1 | 33 | 3.7 | 1.00 | |
| Renal agenesis | 13 | 1.3 | 2 | 1.5 | 11 | 1.2 | 0.68 | |
| Bladder exstrophy | 3 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.34 | |
| Genital system | 73 | 7.2 | 4 | 3.1 | 69 | 7.8 | 0.06 | |
| Hypospadias | 66 | 6.5 | 4 | 3.1 | 62 | 7.0 | 0.10 | |
| Indeterminate sex | 9 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.8 | 8 | 0.9 | 1.00 | |
| Limb | 273 | 26.8 | 50 | 38.6 | 223 | 25.1 | 0.01 | |
| Polydactyly | 184 | 18.1 | 39 | 30.1 | 145 | 16.3 | 0.001 | |
| Polydactyly of fingers | 111 | 10.9 | 19 | 14.7 | 92 | 10.4 | 0.17 | |
| Polydactyly of toes | 89 | 8.7 | 23 | 17.7 | 66 | 7.4 | 0.0002 | |
| Syndactyly | 135 | 13.3 | 24 | 18.5 | 111 | 12.5 | 0.08 | |
| Syndactyly of fingers | 47 | 4.6 | 10 | 7.7 | 37 | 4.2 | 0.08 | |
| Syndactyly of toes | 104 | 10.2 | 16 | 12.3 | 88 | 9.9 | 0.42 | |
| Cleft hand or foot | 10 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.5 | 8 | 0.9 | 0.37 | |
| Cleft hand | 5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.49 | |
| Cleft foot | 7 | 0.7 | 2 | 1.5 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.22 | |
| Skeletal dysplasia | 12 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 1.4 | 0.38 | |
| Thanatophoric dysplasia | 6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 0.7 | 1.00 | |
| Acrodysostosis, not specificied | 6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 0.7 | 1.00 | |
| Chromosomal | 208 | 20.4 | 22 | 17.0 | 186 | 21.0 | 0.35 | |
| Down syndrome | 153 | 15.0 | 14 | 10.8 | 139 | 15.7 | 0.18 | |
| Trisomy 18 | 45 | 4.4 | 6 | 4.6 | 39 | 4.4 | 0.90 | |
| Trisomy 13 | 8 | 0.8 | 2 | 1.5 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.27 | |
| Turner syndrome | 6 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.8 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.56 | |
| Others | ||||||||
| Ablepharon | 13 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 1.5 | 0.39 | |
| Epidermolysis bullosa | 15 | 1.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 13 | 1.5 | 1.00 | |
| Developmental dysplasia of the hip | 14 | 1.4 | 3 | 2.3 | 11 | 1.2 | 0.41 | |
| Congenital multiple arthrogryposis | 8 | 0.8 | 2 | 1.5 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.27 | |
| Floppy infant | 16 | 1.6 | 2 | 1.5 | 14 | 1.6 | 1.00 | |
| Conjoined twins | 4 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.42 | |
| Amniotic band constriction | 9 | 0.9 | 4 | 3.1 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.02 | |
| Minor anomalies | ||||||||
| Microtia | 40 | 3.9 | 1 | 0.8 | 39 | 4.4 | 0.052 | |
| Low set ears | 93 | 9.1 | 8 | 6.2 | 85 | 9.6 | 0.23 | |
| Natal teeth | 64 | 6.3 | 9 | 6.9 | 55 | 6.2 | 0.75 | |
| Inguinal hernia | 112 | 11.0 | 11 | 8.5 | 101 | 11.4 | 0.35 | |
| Undescended testis/cryptorchidism | 307 | 30.2 | 25 | 19.3 | 282 | 31.8 | 0.02 | |
| Enlarged clitoris | 12 | 1.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.66 | |
| Abnormal Vaginal Opening | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.3 | 1.00 | |
| Hemangioma | 756 | 74.3 | 80 | 61.7 | 676 | 76.2 | 0.07 | |
Abbreviations: (RC), regional center