Table 3.
Crude and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Results for Fukushima RC Using the Other 14 RCs as a Reference.
| COR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major anomalies | 0.827 | 0.736 | - | 0.929 | 0.001 | 0.852 | 0.757 | - | 0.958 | 0.01 | ||
| Central nervous system | 0.922 | 0.653 | - | 1.299 | 0.64 | 0.974 | 0.689 | - | 1.377 | 0.88 | ||
| Neural tube defect | 0.685 | 0.331 | - | 1.417 | 0.31 | 0.709 | 0.341 | - | 1.472 | 0.36 | ||
| Anencephaly | 0.457 | 0.109 | - | 1.911 | 0.28 | 0.475 | 0.113 | - | 1.997 | 0.31 | ||
| Encephalocele | 1.082 | 0.320 | - | 3.656 | 0.90 | - | ||||||
| Myelomeningocele/Spina bifida | 0.856 | 0.303 | - | 2.422 | 0.77 | 0.864 | 0.303 | - | 2.461 | 0.78 | ||
| Hydrocephaly | 0.867 | 0.449 | - | 1.674 | 0.67 | 0.966 | 0.498 | - | 1.876 | 0.92 | ||
| Microcephaly | 0.381 | 0.092 | - | 1.581 | 0.18 | - | ||||||
| Holoprosencephaly | 0.901 | 0.355 | - | 2.290 | 0.83 | - | ||||||
| Craniotabes | 1.591 | 0.870 | - | 2.910 | 0.13 | - | ||||||
| Agenesis of corpus callosum | 0.311 | 0.042 | - | 2.310 | 0.25 | - | ||||||
| Eye | 1.713 | 0.857 | - | 3.427 | 0.13 | - | ||||||
| Anophthalmos/microphthalmos | 0.685 | 0.160 | - | 2.931 | 0.61 | - | ||||||
| Congenital cataract | 2.937 | 1.345 | - | 6.415 | 0.01 | - | ||||||
| Ear | 1.256 | 0.660 | - | 2.390 | 0.49 | - | ||||||
| Congenital aural atresia | 1.209 | 0.508 | - | 2.881 | 0.67 | - | ||||||
| Cryptotia | 1.523 | 0.629 | - | 3.689 | 0.35 | - | ||||||
| Oro-facial cleft | 0.992 | 0.684 | - | 1.438 | 0.97 | 0.997 | 0.686 | - | 1.448 | 0.99 | ||
| Cleft palate | 1.020 | 0.461 | - | 2.258 | 0.96 | - | ||||||
| Cleft lip with or without palate | 1.036 | 0.686 | - | 1.566 | 0.87 | 1.051 | 0.693 | - | 1.592 | 0.82 | ||
| Facial cleft | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | >999.999 | 0.96 | - | ||||||
| Respiratory system | 1.066 | 0.481 | - | 2.364 | 0.88 | 1.037 | 0.465 | - | 2.312 | 0.93 | ||
| Intralobar sequestration | 1.713 | 0.191 | - | 15.325 | 0.63 | - | ||||||
| Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation | 1.713 | 0.483 | - | 6.071 | 0.40 | - | ||||||
| Pulmonary hypoplasia | 0.913 | 0.322 | - | 2.593 | 0.86 | - | ||||||
| Congenital heart disease | 0.670 | 0.550 | - | 0.816 | <.0001 | 0.693 | 0.569 | - | 0.845 | 0.0003 | ||
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 0.484 | 0.225 | - | 1.042 | 0.06 | 0.494 | 0.229 | - | 1.067 | 0.07 | ||
| Abdominal wall defects | 0.477 | 0.291 | - | 0.780 | 0.003 | 0.500 | 0.305 | - | 0.819 | 0.01 | ||
| Omphalocele | 0.387 | 0.221 | - | 0.677 | 0.001 | 0.404 | 0.231 | - | 0.708 | 0.002 | ||
| Gastroschisis | 1.612 | 0.542 | - | 4.792 | 0.39 | - | ||||||
| Digestive system | 1.142 | 0.711 | - | 1.834 | 0.58 | 1.197 | 0.743 | - | 1.929 | 0.46 | ||
| Esophageal atresia with or without fistula | 2.419 | 0.953 | - | 6.135 | 0.06 | - | ||||||
| Duodenal atresia/stenosis | 0.806 | 0.186 | - | 3.489 | 0.77 | - | ||||||
| Intestinal atresia/stenosis | 1.370 | 0.397 | - | 4.734 | 0.62 | - | ||||||
| Anorectal atresia/stenosis | 1.230 | 0.550 | - | 2.750 | 0.61 | - | ||||||
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 0.514 | 0.159 | - | 1.661 | 0.27 | - | ||||||
| Urinary system | 0.941 | 0.650 | - | 1.362 | 0.75 | 0.966 | 0.665 | - | 1.401 | 0.85 | ||
| Congenital hydronephrosis | 0.932 | 0.619 | - | 1.405 | 0.74 | 0.965 | 0.639 | - | 1.458 | 0.87 | ||
| Cystic kidney | 0.830 | 0.294 | - | 2.344 | 0.73 | - | ||||||
| Renal agenesis | 1.246 | 0.276 | - | 5.621 | 0.77 | - | ||||||
| Bladder exstrophy | 3.426 | 0.311 | - | 37.781 | 0.31 | - | ||||||
| Genital system | 0.397 | 0.145 | - | 1.088 | 0.07 | 0.419 | 0.153 | - | 1.153 | 0.09 | ||
| Hypospadias | 0.442 | 0.161 | - | 1.215 | 0.11 | - | ||||||
| Indeterminate sex | 0.856 | 0.107 | - | 6.847 | 0.88 | - | ||||||
| Limb | 1.538 | 1.131 | - | 2.091 | 0.01 | 1.510 | 1.108 | - | 2.057 | 0.01 | ||
| Polydactyly | 1.845 | 1.295 | - | 2.629 | 0.001 | 1.826 | 1.277 | - | 2.609 | 0.001 | ||
| Polydactyly of fingers | 1.415 | 0.863 | - | 2.320 | 0.17 | - | ||||||
| Polydactyly of toes | 2.390 | 1.486 | - | 3.843 | 0.0003 | - | ||||||
| Syndactyly | 1.482 | 0.953 | - | 2.305 | 0.08 | 1.456 | 0.934 | - | 2.271 | 0.10 | ||
| Syndactyly of fingers | 1.852 | 0.921 | - | 3.726 | 0.08 | - | ||||||
| Syndactyly of toes | 1.246 | 0.731 | - | 2.123 | 0.42 | 1.239 | 0.724 | - | 2.118 | 0.43 | ||
| Cleft hand or foot | 1.713 | 0.364 | - | 8.067 | 0.50 | - | ||||||
| Cleft hand | 1.713 | 0.191 | - | 15.325 | 0.63 | - | ||||||
| Cleft foot | 2.741 | 0.532 | - | 14.127 | 0.23 | - | ||||||
| Skeletal dysplasia | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | >999.999 | 0.97 | - | ||||||
| Thanatophoric dysplasia | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | >999.999 | 0.97 | - | ||||||
| Acrodysostosis, not specificied | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | >999.999 | 0.97 | - | ||||||
| Chromosomal | 0.810 | 0.521 | - | 1.261 | 0.35 | 0.896 | 0.574 | - | 1.398 | 0.63 | ||
| Down syndrome | 0.690 | 0.398 | - | 1.195 | 0.19 | 0.773 | 0.444 | - | 1.343 | 0.36 | ||
| Trisomy 18 | 1.054 | 0.446 | - | 2.490 | 0.90 | 1.158 | 0.487 | - | 2.753 | 0.74 | ||
| Trisomy 13 | 2.284 | 0.461 | - | 11.316 | 0.31 | - | ||||||
| Turner syndrome | 1.371 | 0.160 | - | 11.730 | 0.77 | - | ||||||
| Other | ||||||||||||
| Ablepharon | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | >999.999 | 0.97 | - | ||||||
| Epidermolysis bullosa | 1.054 | 0.238 | - | 4.671 | 0.94 | - | ||||||
| Developmental dysplasia of the hip | 1.869 | 0.521 | - | 6.699 | 0.34 | - | ||||||
| Congenital multiple arthrogryposis | 2.284 | 0.461 | - | 11.316 | 0.31 | - | ||||||
| Floppy infant | 0.979 | 0.222 | - | 4.307 | 0.98 | - | ||||||
| Conjoined twins | 2.284 | 0.238 | - | 21.956 | 0.47 | - | ||||||
| Amniotic band constriction | 5.482 | 1.472 | - | 20.417 | 0.01 | - | ||||||
| Minor anomalies | ||||||||||||
| Microtia | 0.176 | 0.024 | - | 1.278 | 0.09 | 0.175 | 0.024 | - | 1.275 | 0.09 | ||
| Low set ears | 0.645 | 0.312 | - | 1.331 | 0.24 | 0.705 | 0.340 | - | 1.461 | 0.35 | ||
| Natal teeth | 1.121 | 0.554 | - | 2.269 | 0.75 | 1.120 | 0.550 | - | 2.277 | 0.76 | ||
| Inguinal hernia | 0.746 | 0.400 | - | 1.391 | 0.36 | 0.777 | 0.416 | - | 1.452 | 0.43 | ||
| Undescended testis/cryptorchidism | 0.607 | 0.403 | - | 0.913 | 0.02 | 0.617 | 0.409 | - | 0.930 | 0.02 | ||
| Enlarged clitoris | 1.371 | 0.301 | - | 6.256 | 0.68 | - | ||||||
| Abnormal Vaginal Opening | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | >999.999 | 0.97 | - | ||||||
| Hemangioma | 0.810 | 0.642 | - | 1.022 | 0.08 | - | ||||||
Abbreviations: (RC), regional center; (COR), crude odds ratio; (AOR), adjusted odds ratio; (CI), confidence interval
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, maternal body mass index (BMI)(kg/m2) before pregnancy, infertility treatment, multiple pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, pregnancy complication, maternal infection, infant sex.
For each congenital anomaly, the same multiple logistic regression model was applied, but many of the congenital anomalies were rare and resulted in complete separation of data points. Therefore, the results of these outcomes were not presented.