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. 2023 Jan 26;14:1096019. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1096019

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Copyright © 2023 Dirks, Andres, Paul, Manukjan, Schulze and Morbach

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Impaired activation of IgD-negative naïve B cells after stimulation by IgM-BCR-, TLR7/9- or CD40 ligands (A) Representative dot blots showing expression of CD69 and CD86 on CD19⁺CD27^-IgM⁺ IgD⁺ or IgD^- naive B cells stimulated or not with F(ab)₂ anti-IgM, Gardiquimod (TLR7), CpG (TLR9) or CD40L for 48 hours from a control individual (upper row) or an individual carrying a heterozygous IGHD variant. (B) Compiled data from 4 control individuals as well as 5 individuals carrying different IGHD variants (paired Student`s t-test; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05).