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. 2023 Jan 26;14:1124813. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1124813

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Copyright © 2023 Gan, Chi, Dalmo, Meng, Tang, Xing, Sheng and Zhan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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SEM analysis of the entrapment of bacteria by ETs and the proliferation of the entrapped bacteria. (A) PMA-induced production of ETs. (B) The quantitative analysis of the formation of ETs by leukocytes in response to PMA, E. coli, E. tarda, and S. aureus for 3 hours. (C, E, G) show E. coli, E. tarda, and S. aureus induced the ET formation (arrows with tail) and entrapped bacteria (arrows without tail), respectively. (D, F, H) show the effect of PoMPO on the antimicrobial activity of ETs. ETs-producing cells were incubated with E. coli, E. tarda, or S. aureus in the presence or absence of anti-PoMPO Abs. Bacterial survival was determined at various time points. Different letters above the bar represent the statistical significance compared to each other at the same time point, and vertical bars represented the mean ± SD, n = 5 (P< 0.05).