. 2023 Jan 14;26(1):39–48. doi: 10.1007/s00737-023-01290-8

Table 3.

Comparisons in the exposure rates^a per 1000 singleton pregnancies of psychotropic drugs over the last two decades (decade 1 2000–2009; decade 2 2010–2019)

Psychotropic drugs exposed before and/or during pregnancy	Decade 1		Decade 2		p value^f	Decade 1		Decade 2		p value	Decade 1		Decade 2		p value	Decade 1		Decade 2		p value
Psychotropic drugs exposed before and/or during pregnancy	n	TER^b	n	TER	p value^f	n	CR^c	n	CR	p value	n	IR^d	n	IR	p value	n	DR^e	n	DR	p value
Combined of all five classes of psychotropics	1,574	57.9	2,585	80.8	***	767	28.2	1,505	47.1	***	807	29.7	1,080	33.8	**	1,644	60.5	1,779	55.6	*
N05A antipsychotic (+ lithium)	89	3.3	217	6.8	***	43	1.6	142	4.4	***	46	1.7	75	2.3		43	1.6	95	3.0	**
N05AD01 haloperidol	18	0.7	46	1.4	**	11	0.4	14	0.4		7	0.3	32	1.0	***	3	0.1	6	.2
N05AH03 olanzapine	4	0.1	25	0.8	***	2	0.1	16	0.5	**	2	0.1	9	0.3		7	0.3	10	0.3
N05AH04 quetiapine	10	0.4	94	3.1	***	7	0.3	70	2.2	***	3	0.1	24	0.8	***	9	0.3	50	1.6	***
N05AX08 risperidone	9	0.3	15	0.5		7	0.3	13	0.4		2	0.1	2	0.1		7	0.3	10	0.3
N05AN01 lithium	12	0.4	16	0.5		9	0.3	13	0.4		3	0.1	3	0.1		5	0.2	3	0.1
Others	36	1.3	21	0.7	**	7	0.3	16	0.5		29	1.1	5	0.2	***	12	0.4	16	0.5
N05B anxiolytic	468	17.2	466	14.6	*	164	6.0	181	5.7		304	11.2	285	8.9	**	686	25.2	586	18.3	***
N05BA01 diazepam	135	5.0	67	2.1	***	38	1.4	29	0.9		97	3.6	38	1.2	***	293	10.8	143	4.5	***
N05BA04 oxazepam	257	9.5	313	9.8		93	3.4	100	3.1		164	6.0	213	6.7		306	11.3	367	11.5
N05BA06 lorazepam	16	0.6	27	0.8		2	0.1	13	0.4	*	14	0.5	14	0.4		10	0.4	28	0.9	*
N05BA12 alprazolam	25	0.9	32	1.0		15	0.6	26	0.8		10	0.4	6	0.2		45	1.7	27	0.8	**
Others	35	1.3	27	0.8		16	0.6	13	0.4		19	0.7	14	0.4		32	1.2	21	0.7	*
N05C sedative/hypnotic	379	13.9	527	16.5	*	68	2.5	117	3.7	*	311	11.4	410	12.8		312	11.5	384	12.0
N05CD06 lormetazepam	13	0.5	7	0.2		7	0.3	4	0.1		6	0.2	3	0.1		29	1.1	15	0.5	**
N05CD07 temazepam	320	11.8	439	13.7	*	42	1.5	79	2.5	*	278	10.2	360	11.3		207	7.6	249	7.8
N05CF01 zopiclone	9	0.3	21	0.7		7	0.3	11	0.3		2	0.1	10	0.3	*	15	0.6	33	1.0	*
N05CF02 zolpidem	10	0.4	37	1.2	**	5	0.2	13	0.4		5	0.2	24	0.8	**	28	1.0	29	0.9
Others	27	1.0	23	0.7		7	0.3	10	0.3		20	0.7	13	0.4		33	1.2	58	1.8
N06A antidepressant	624	23.0	1,298	40.6	***	482	17.7	998	31.2	***	142	5.2	300	9.4	***	592	21.8	608	19.0	*
N06AA04 clomipramine	33	1.2	33	1.0		21	0.8	31	1.0		12	0.4	2	0.1	**	16	0.6	6	0.2	*
N06AA09 amitriptyline	63	2.3	97	3.0		42	1.5	69	2.2		21	0.8	28	0.9		93	3.4	127	4.0
N06AB03 fluoxetine	88	3.2	96	3.0		59	2.2	79	2.5		29	1.1	17	0.5	*	56	2.1	38	1.2	**
N06AB04 citalopram	62	2.3	319	10.0	***	48	1.8	250	7.8	***	14	0.5	69	2.2	***	61	2.2	110	3.4	**
N06AB05 paroxetine	220	8.1	210	6.6	*	181	6.7	184	5.8		39	1.4	26	0.8	*	193	7.1	79	2.5	***
N06AB06 sertraline	17	0.6	210	6.6	***	15	0.6	118	3.7	***	2	0.1	92	2.9	***	30	1.1	44	1.4
N06AB08 fluvoxamine	36	1.3	19	0.6	**	31	1.1	16	0.5	**	5	0.2	3	0.1		11	0.4	7	0.2
N06AB10 escitalopram	6	0.2	86	2.7	***	5	0.2	72	2.3	***	1	0.04	14	0.4	**	9	0.3	38	1.2	***
N06AX11 mirtazapine	21	0.8	49	1.5	**	17	0.6	32	1.0		4	0.1	17	0.5	*	34	1.3	45	1.4
Others	78	2.9	179	5.6	***	63	2.3	147	4.6	***	15	0.6	32	1.0		89	3.3	114	3.6
N06B psychostimulant	14	0.5	77	2.4	***	10	0.4	67	2.1	***	4	0.1	10	0.3		11	0.4	106	3.3	***
N06BA04 methylphenidate	13	0.5	58	1.8	***	9	0.3	52	1.6	***	4	0.1	6	0.2		8	0.3	88	2.8	***
Others	1	0.04	19	0.6	***	1	0.04	15	0.5	**	0	0	4	0.1		3	0.1	18	0.6	**

^aOnly psychotropic drugs with exposure rates ≥ 0.10 in both decades were displayed; ^btotal exposure rate per 1000 singleton pregnancies; ^cCR, continuation rate per 1000 singleton pregnancies; ^dIR, initiation rate per 1000 singleton pregnancy population; ^eDR, discontinuation rate per 1000 singleton pregnancies; ^fPearson’s X2 test, significant at ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001. Total population of singleton pregnancies in decade 1 (n = 27,185) and decade 2 (n = 31,986)