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. 2023 Jan 26;9:1040744. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1040744

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Copyright © 2023 Firrman, Liu, Mahalak, Hu, Bittinger, Moustafa, Jones, Narrowe and Tomasula.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Levels of metabolic products were quantified for each donor over time. Bars in the figure represent the average amounts detected with standard deviation. Statistical differences were determined via a Student’s t-test between the no treatment and lactose treated groups. P-values that are < 0.05 are indicated with an asterisk*. (A) Total SCFAs. (B) Ratios of acetate to propionate to butyrate. (C) Acetate, propionate, and butyrate. (D) Lactate. (E) Total BCSCFA.