Table 3:
UBOs and Cognitive Measures.
| Measure | N | Parameter Estimate | Standard Error | t-value | p-value | Corrected p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IQ (WISC-IV, WISC-V, WASI-II) | ||||||
| Perceptual IQ | 28 | 0.163 | 0.215 | 0.757 | 0.457 | 0.457 |
| Verbal IQ | 28 | −0.345 | 0.210 | −1.649 | 0.113 | 0.226 |
| Full Scale IQ | 28 | 0.019 | 0.233 | 0.082 | 0.935 | -- |
| Word Reading (WRMT-III, WJ-III, Word List) | ||||||
| Letter-Word Identification | 28 | −0.508 | 0.180 | −2.822 | 0.010 ** | 0.041 ** |
| Word Attack | 28 | −0.400 | 0.204 | −1.964 | 0.063 | 0.084 |
| Basic Reading | 28 | −0.461 | 0.191 | −2.422 | 0.025 ** | -- |
| Word List A | 14 | −0.856 | 0.468 | −1.829 | 0.101 | 0.101 |
| Word List B | 14 | −1.273 | 0.488 | −2.609 | 0.028 ** | 0.057 |
| Reading Comprehension (WRMT-III, WJ-III) | ||||||
| Passage Comprehension | 28 | −0.213 | 0.220 | −0.965 | 0.346 | NA |
| Reading Fluency (TOWRE, TOWRE-2, TOSCRF, TOSCRF-2) | ||||||
| Sight Word Efficiency | 27 | −0.393 | 0.211 | −1.860 | 0.078 | 0.233 |
| Phonemic Decoding Efficiency | 27 | −0.289 | 0.231 | −1.251 | 0.225 | 0.338 |
| Total Word Efficiency | 27 | −0.397 | 0.216 | −1.833 | 0.082 | -- |
| Passage Reading Fluency | 27 | −0.079 | 0.175 | −0.452 | 0.656 | 0.656 |
| Language (CELF-4, CELF-5) | ||||||
| Word Classes | 18 | −0.311 | 0.165 | −1.882 | 0.087 | 0.218 |
| Formulating Sentences | 28 | −0.371 | 0.207 | −1.794 | 0.087 | 0.218 |
| Recalling Sentences | 28 | 0.160 | 0.200 | 0.800 | 0.433 | 0.541 |
| Understanding Spoken Paragraphs | 11 | 1.831 | 1.558 | 1.175 | 0.293 | 0.488 |
| Semantic Relationships | 15 | 0.307 | 0.690 | 0.446 | 0.666 | 0.666 |
| Core Language | 28 | −0.142 | 0.200 | −0.707 | 0.487 | -- |
| Phonological Awareness (CTOPP, CTOPP-2) | ||||||
| Elision | 28 | −0.486 | 0.171 | −2.849 | 0.010 ** | 0.048 ** |
| Blending Words | 28 | 0.019 | 0.185 | 0.101 | 0.920 | 0.920 |
| Phoneme Isolation | 14 | 0.319 | 0.684 | 0.467 | 0.652 | 0.920 |
| Rapid Digit Naming | 27 | −0.067 | 0.212 | −0.316 | 0.755 | 0.920 |
| Rapid Letter Naming | 27 | −0.143 | 0.199 | −0.719 | 0.481 | 0.920 |
| Rapid Naming Composite | 27 | −0.106 | 0.208 | −0.511 | 0.615 | -- |
| Phonological Awareness Composite | 28 | −0.217 | 0.195 | −1.111 | 0.279 | -- |
| Working Memory (WISC-IV, WISC-V, WAIS-IV) | ||||||
| Digit Span | 28 | −0.415 | 0.217 | − 1.912 | 0.070 | NA |
| Visuospatial Skills (JLO) | ||||||
| Judgement of Line Orientation | 28 | −0.405 | 0.138 | −2.945 | 0.008 ** | NA |
Table 3 contains information about the relationships between total UBO volume and cognitive skills. Bolded and italicized measures and p-values indicated with a ** are significant at traditional alpha=0.05. Corrected p-values are FDR corrections for multiple comparisons, calculated using subtest scores. Composite scores were excluded from the FDR correction calculations for redundancy’s sake.