Table 4.

Discrete ncRNAs associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Class of ncRNA	ncRNA	Cells/Tissue	Expression (up or down) in disease	Role	Detection method	Refs
lncRNA	ENST00000572491 ENST00000563752 ENST00000569543	PBMCs, CD4	Up	Biomarkers	Microarray	[361]
	FAM66C	PBMC		Associated in GWAS with RA	GWAS	[362]
	GAS5	T cells	Up	Biomarker	qRT-PCR	[363]
	HIX003209	PBMCs Myeloid cells	Up	Overexpression of HIX003209 increased THP1 cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion	qRT-PCR	[169]
	HOTAIR	PBMCs, Serum exosomes	Up	Forced upregulation of HOTAIR in synoviocytes and osteoclasts decreases MMP-2 and MMP-13 activation	Microarray	[167]
		Serum	Up	Biomarker, upregulated in serum of patients	qRT-PCR	[166]
	HOXA3as	Synoviocytes and osteoclasts	Down	Biomarker	Microarray	[167]
	LINC00638	PBMCs	Down	Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway	qRT-PCR	[364]
	lincRNA-p21	PBMCs	Down	Reduced expression of lincRNA-p21 increases NFκB activity	qRT-PCR	[365]
	LOC100506036 LOC100652951	T cells	Up	Knockdown in Jurkat cells linked with decreased IFN-γ and NFAT expression during PMA/Ionomycin treatment	qRT-PCR	[172]
	Lnc-Cox2	Serum	Up	Biomarker, upregulated in serum of patients	qRT-PCR	[166]
	LUST MEG9 SNHG4	Exosomes	Up	Biomarkers	Microarray	[167]
	MALAT1	PBMCs	Down	MALAT1 SNPs rs619586 and rs3200401 were, interestingly, not associated with RA susceptibility	qRT-PCR	[366]
	MEG3	Fibroblast like Synoviocytes (FLS)	Down	MEG3 knockdown resulted in activation of STAT3, PI3K/AKT pathway, FLS proliferation, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion	qRT-PCR	[367]
	NEAT1	PBMCs	Up	Th17 differentiation	qRT-PCR	[125]
	NTT	PBMCs	Up	Monocyte macrophage differentiation, Cytokine secretion	qRT-PCR	[171]
	PRINS	Exosomes	Down	Biomarkers	Microarray	[167]
	RNA143598 RNA143596 HIX003209 IGHCgamma1 XLOC_002730	Serum	Up	Correlation with disease parameters observed. Not functionally assessed	Microarray	[168]
	THRIL	T cells	Up	Biomarker	qRT-PCR	[363]
	TUG1	Exosomes	Up	Biomarker	Microarray	[167]
circRNA	circHIPK3	Serum	Up	Sponging of miR-124a	qRT-PCR	[368]
	circNUP214	PBMCs	Up	Biomarker, promotes Th17 cells through IL23R	qRT-PCR	[85]
	circ_000836	Fibroblast like Synoviocytes (FLS)	Down	Represses histone deacetylase 4 by sponging miR-135b-5p to limit proliferation and production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF	qRT-PCR	[181]
	circRNA_104871 circRNA 003524 circRNA 101873 circRNA_103047	PBMCs	Up	Biomarkers	Microarray	[369]
	ciRS-7/CDR1as	PBMCs	Up	Biomarker, may inhibit miR-7 and upregulate mTOR	qRT-PCR	[174]
	hsa_circ_0001859	Synovium SW982 cells	Not shown	Competing endogenous RNA for miR-204/211. Knockdown of hsa circ 0001859 decreased expression of ATF2, c-Jun, c-Fos	qRT-PCR	[177]
	hsa_circ_0044235	Peripheral blood	Down	Biomarker	qRT-PCR	[370]
	hsa_circ_0092285 hsa_circ_0058794 hsa_circ_0088088 hsa_circ_0038644	PBMC	Up Up Down Down	miR sponge	Microarray	[101]