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. 2023 Feb 8;14:685. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36301-w

Fig. 4. Grain boundaries (GBs) and twin boundaries (TBs).

Fig. 4

a Misorientation line distributions for a polycrystalline film. Red and blue lines denote TBs and GBs. Regions in the magnified image (third column) have various orientations (ORs). b Misorientation line distributions for a single-crystal Cu film. Misorientation lines are composed mostly of TBs. There are one of two ORs in the regions in the magnified image in the third column. The two regions separated by GBs in the polycrystalline film (a) are tilted at arbitrary angles both in the out-of-plane direction and in the in-plane direction. However, two adjacent regions in a single-crystal Cu film (b) are exactly 60° tilted in the in-plane direction, and both are completely parallel in the out-of-plane direction. The blue lines marked in b are classified as GB because they are slightly more tilted from 60° (<1°).