Fig. 5. Theoretical approach for coherent consolidation of nucleations into a coplanar layer.

a Scheme for the growth of a single nanodroplet via atomic diffusion, and corresponding bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy (BF STEM) image. b High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) image and fast Fourier transform pattern (inset) of a Cu nanodroplet oriented along the $\left[1\overline{1}0\right]$ zone axis, indicating single-crystal nanodroplet growth along the single-crystal [111] direction. c Schemes for lateral nanodroplet growth and corresponding BF STEM image. d Relative energy profiles for the diffusion of Cu atoms or atom clusters (up to four atoms) on an Al₂O₃(0001) substrate. e Schemes for coherent merging to coplanar layers and corresponding BF STEM image.