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. 2023 Feb 8;9:8. doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00374-8

Fig. 3. DCA alleviates S. aureus-induced inflammation in MMECs by activating TGR5.

Fig. 3

Cells were pretreated with DCA (10, 20 and 30 μM) for 2 h followed by S. aureus treatment for next 24 h, and the relative mRNA levels of proinflammatory TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), and IL-6 (C) from the indicated group were detected by qPCR. D Cells were treated with DCA (30 μM) for 24 h and the relative mRNA levels of TGR5, VDR, FXR, CAR, PXR, GR and α5β1 were determined using qPCR. Cells were pre-treated with SBI-115 for 2 h and then treated with DCA (30 μM) for an additional 2 h followed by S. aureus treatment for the next 24 h. Relative mRNA levels of proinflammatory TNF-α (E), IL-1β (F), and IL-6 (G) from the different treatment groups were detected by qPCR. H–J Cells were pretreated with siRNA-TGR5 or siRNA-neg for 48 h followed by DCA (30 μM) and S. aureus treatment as mentioned above, and the relative mRNA levels were detected by qPCR. Data are expressed as the means ± SD (A–J) and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (A–C and E–J) and Student’s t-test was performed (D). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate significance. ns no significance.