TABLE 4.
Linear model on the response variable FID (flight initiation distance) showing the effect of location (urban vs. rural), genotype frequency (common vs. rare), starting distance (log), and distance to the nearest water body (log).
| Flight initiation distance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | |||||
| Variables | Estimate | Standard error | Degrees of freedom | t value | p value |
| (Intercept) | 0.715 | 0.285 | 65.367 | 2.541 | .006** |
| Location—urban | −1.403 | 0.120 | 409.653 | −11.691 | <.0001*** |
| Genotype frequency—rare | −0.009 | 0.080 | 122.947 | −0.113 | .911 n.s. |
| Log of starting distance | 0.499 | 0.055 | 521.155 | 9.125 | <.0001*** |
| Log of distance to nearest water body | 0.028 | 0.025 | 537.657 | 1.113 | .266 n.s. |
| Random effects | ||
|---|---|---|
| Group | Variance σ 2 ε | Standard deviance σ |
| GooseID (Intercept) | 0.049 | 0.221 |
| Observer (Intercept) | 0.067 | 0.259 |
| Residual | 0.495 | 0.703 |
Note: Goose ID and observer were added as random effects. FID measurements (n = 543); goose IDs (n = 156); observers (n = 4). Significance of p values: n.s. (non significant), ** (<.01), *** (<.001).