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. 2023 Jan 26;14:1120308. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1120308

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

The components of the CKD-MBD, and the targets of clinical trials of attempted therapy. Clinical trials in the CKD-MBD to date have targeted late components of the syndrome, and have not altered cardiovascular outcomes. Small observational trials of romosozumab targeting the skeleton in dialysis patients (not shown in the figure) reveal increased bone mineral density at lumbar and femoral bone sites at 12 and 24 mos. See section on bone—vascular paradox.