Baseline deaths, model-predicted COVID-19-related all-cause deaths and
observed deaths among those with COVID-19 in England (age ≥30 years)
over one year, stratified by age and sex in the validation cohort
(n = 35,098,810). (a) Baseline one-year mortality. (b) Total (and
model-predicted COVID-19) one-year mortality based on RR = 4.34%,
IR = 6.27%. (c) Total (and observed COVID-19) one-year mortality.