Table 1. Baseline characteristics, NIPPON DATA90, in 1990.
| Total (n = 1,824) | HLFCa | P valueb | ||
|
| ||||
| Normal (n = 1,593) | Impaired (n = 231) | |||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 72.5 (5.9) | 71.7 (5.3) | 77.7 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Men, n (%) | 774 (42.4) | 687 (43.1) | 87 (37.7) | 0.116 |
| Body mass index, n (%) | ||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 139 (7.6) | 116 (7.3) | 23 (10.0) | |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 1,222 (67.0) | 1,061 (66.6) | 161 (69.7) | |
| >24.9 kg/m2 | 463 (25.4) | 416 (26.1) | 47 (20.3) | 0.090 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1,082 (59.3) | 938 (58.9) | 144 (62.3) | |
| Former | 302 (16.6) | 267 (16.8) | 35 (15.2) | |
| Current | 440 (24.1) | 388 (24.4) | 52 (22.5) | 0.605 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1,291 (70.8) | 1,123 (70.5) | 168 (72.7) | |
| Former | 91 (5.0) | 79 (5.0) | 12 (5.2) | |
| Current | 442 (24.2) | 391 (24.5) | 51 (22.1) | 0.715 |
| Family member, n (%) | ||||
| Single | 173 (9.5) | 152 (9.5) | 21 (9.1) | |
| Couple | 540 (29.6) | 499 (31.3) | 41 (17.7) | |
| Two generations | 429 (23.5) | 365 (22.9) | 64 (27.7) | |
| Three generations | 606 (33.2) | 515 (32.3) | 91 (39.4) | |
| Other | 76 (4.2) | 62 (3.9) | 14 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Stroke | 94 (5.2) | 74 (4.6) | 20 (8.7) | 0.036 |
| Myocardial infarction | 77 (4.2) | 66 (4.1) | 11 (4.8) | 0.355 |
| Femoral fracture | 122 (6.7) | 108 (6.8) | 14 (6.1) | 0.827 |
HLFC, higher-level functional capacity; SD, standard deviation; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.
aHLFC was dichotomized into normal (TMIG-IC score = 10–13) and impaired (score = 0–9).
bComparison between “Normal” and “Impaired” using t-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.