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Summary of mechanisms of postoperative immunosuppression and immunological effects of chemotherapy on the tumour microenvironment. CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DCs, dendritic cells; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MDSC, myeloid derived suppressor cells; NK cell, natural killer cell; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Tregs, regulatory T cells.
