FIGURE 6.

Changes in gut microbiota during hospitalisation among patients with and without exposure to anti-anaerobic antibiotic treatment. We measured the bacterial density and relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae spp. in a subset of 116 subjects with a rectal swab specimen collected at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU discharge. a) Patients treated with anti-anaerobic antibiotics exhibited an increase in gut bacterial density over time, while other antibiotic-treated patients exhibited a decrease in gut bacterial density over time (β for interaction 0.089 log 16S copies per day of hospitalisation; p=0.011). Mixed models were used for statistical analysis; change regression is depicted in this figure for ease of visualisation. b) Patients treated with anti-anaerobic antibiotics exhibited an increase in Enterobacteriaceae relative abundance over time (β for interaction 0.26% relative abundance per day of hospitalisation; p=0.042).