Table 2.
The effects of alginate oligosaccharide on gut gram-positive microbiota and cytokines.
| Gut microbiota changes | Cytokines or their integrator | Metabolites | Animal model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firmicutes (+) | p-AMPKα(+), NF-κB p65(−) | SCFAs (+) | Pig | Wan et al. (2020) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus gasseri (+) | IL-1β and CD11c(−) | SCFAs (+) | High-fat-diet mice | Wang et al. (2020) |
| Firmicutes and Actinobacteria(+) | TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and KC (−), IL-10(+) | SCFAs (+) | DSS-induced colitis mice | He et al. (2021) |
| Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Lachnospiraceae (+), Peptococcus (−) | TLR-4 and MAPK (−) | Serum d-lactic acid and LPS (−) | Cyclophosphamide-induced mice | Huang et al. (2021a) |
| Clostridiales(−) | IL-1β and TNF-α(−) IL-10(+) |
SCFAs (+) | High-fat-diet mice | Zheng et al. (2021) |
| Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, and Turicibacter. | SCFAs (+) | FB1-induced intestine injury mice | Li et al. (2022) | |
|
Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Weissella, and Enterorhabdus (+) Turicibacter (−). |
HDL-c(+) TG, TC, BCAAs and AAAs (−) |
High-fat/STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mice | Liu J. et al. (2021) | |
| Lactobacillus (+) | IL-6(−) | Mice | Yu et al. (2022) | |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri (+). | IL-1β, IFN-γ(−) | FAHFAs(+) | Cisplatin-induced kidney injury mice | Zhang et al. (2022b) |
| Lactobacillus (+). | DHA, EPA (+) | Type 1 diabetic mice | Hao et al., (2022b) | |
| Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum(+) | High-salt-induced liver injury mice | Zhang Z. et al. (2022) | ||
| Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus(+) | Type 2 macrophage, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α(−), TGF-β(+) | DSS-induced colitis mice | Liu H. et al. (2021) | |
| Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium | SCFAs (+) | Pigs | Han et al. (2019) | |
| Ruminiclostridium, Dorea Ruminococcaceae (−) Ruminococcaceae, Eubacterium (+) | IL-10 and TLR-3(+) | Acute liver injury rats | Zhuge et al. (2020b) | |
| Clostridiales and Lactobacillales (−) | High-fat-induced obese mice | Zhang P. et al. (2022) | ||
| Firmicutes (−) | ICR mouse | Takei et al. (2020) | ||
| Lactobacillus (+) | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PAI-1(−), IL-10(+) | High-fat-induced mice | Li et al. (2020) |
dextran sulfate sodium (DSS); fumonisin B1(FB1); branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs); aromatic amino acids (AAAs); fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs); n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); Institute of Cancer Research (ICR); interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β); interleukin-6 (IL-6); interleukin-10 (IL-10); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). (+) stands for increase or upregulation and (−) stands for reduction or down-regulation.