Table 2.
Quality of studies using nasal swabs.
| number | study | Risk of bias |
Applicability concerns |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | ||
| 1 | Alqahtani | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 2 | Tonen-Wolyec | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 3 | Prazuck | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 4 | Cassuto | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 5 | Begum | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 6 | Cattelan | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 7 | Chiu | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 8 | Denina | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 9 | Drain | L | L | L | U | U | L | L |
| 10 | Ford | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 11 | Fujiya | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 12 | Hörber | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 13 | James | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 14 | Krüger | L | L | L | H | L | L | L |
| 15 | Medoro | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 16 | Mitchell | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 17 | Nelson | U | L | L | L | U | L | L |
| 18 | Osmanodja | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 19 | Polvere | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 20 | Guerra | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 21 | Salcedo | U | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 22 | Sania | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 23 | Sazed | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 24 | Shin | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 25 | Sicilia | U | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 26 | Stokes | U | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 27 | Sun | U | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 28 | Surasi | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 29 | Tinker | L | L | L | L | U | L | L |
| 30 | Almendares | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 31 | Akashi | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 32 | Bianco | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 33 | Bond | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 34 | Freeman | U | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 35 | Galliez | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 36 | Goodall | U | L | L | L | U | L | L |
| 37 | Jakobsen | L | L | L | L | U | L | L |
| 38 | Leli | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 39 | Liu | H | L | L | L | U | L | L |
| 40 | Okoye | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 41 | Patriquin | U | L | L | U | U | L | L |
| 42 | Peacock | U | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 43 | Pollock | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 44 | Pollreis | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 45 | Siddiqui | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 46 | Sood | L | L | L | U | L | L | L |
| 47 | Sukumaran | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 48 | Takeuchi | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| 49 | Wölfl-Duchek | H | L | L | L | U | L | L |
H = high risk of bias; L = low risk of bias; U = unclear risk of bias.