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. 2023 Jan 26;12:1031112. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1031112

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Copyright © 2023 Xia, Wang, Wang, Du, Zhang and Xia

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunohistochemistry for the gallbladder paraganglioma. (A) The difference between neuroendocrine epithelial tumor (NET/NEC) and neuroendocrine non-epithelial tumor (PHEO/PARA) is that the former expresses broad-spectrum pan-cytokeratin (CK-pan), which was negative here, meaning that the tumor was of non-epithelial origin. (B–D) Traditional general neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranin A (CgA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin (Syn), were all positive. (E) S-100 staining highlights surrounding sustentacular cells. (F) The Ki-67 proliferation index of tumor cells was 10%. The typical positive expression of each marker in the figures is indicated by black arrows.