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. 2023 Jan 25;25:e34474. doi: 10.2196/34474

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD) and health controls (HC) groups.

Factors		MDD	HC	P value
Gender, n (%)					.16^a
	Male	51 (33.3)	42 (25.5)
	Female	102 (66.7)	123 (74.5)
Age (years), mean (SD)		38.64 (13.26)	37.15 (12.18)	.06
Education (years), mean (SD)		13.10 (2.57)	14.71 (2.19)	<.001 ^b
Nonalcoholic, n (%)		55 (35.95)	83 (50.30)	.008 ^a,c
Nonsmoker, n (%)		45 (29.41)	21 (12.73)	.006 ^a,c
HAM-D^d, mean (SD)		22.18 (6.34)	2.07 (4.61)	<.001 ^b
PHQ-9^e, mean (SD)		16.92 (6.99)	2.14 (3.44)	<.001 ^b

^aChi-square test.

^bP values in italics are significant (P<.001).

^cP values in italics are significant (P<.01).

^dHAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

^ePHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.