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. 2023 Jan 26;14:1029773. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029773

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Copyright © 2023 Dovorany, Brannick, Johnson, Ratiu and LaCroix.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The alerting (no cue vs. double cue) effect separated by congruency (incongruent, congruent, and neutral) for the happy (A), sad (B), and no music (C) listening groups. Error bars represent ± 1 standard error. Note, within the control group, there is a significant difference between the no cue and double cue trials within neutral trials at time one. This difference is not marked as significant as it is in the opposite direction of the alerting effect (i.e., no cue trials were faster than double cue trials).