Table 4.
The full mixed ANOVA model results for reaction time across both ANT time points.
| Effect, interaction, or contrast | Statistic |
|---|---|
| Group | F(2, 54) = 0.81, p = 0.45, ηp2 = 0.03 |
| Time | F(1, 54) = 23.71, p < 0.001*, ηp2 = 0.31 |
| Time x group | F(2, 54) = 0.41, p = 0.67, ηp2 = 0.02 |
| Congruency | F(1.60, 86.63) = 610.66, p < 0.001*, ηp2 = 0.91 |
| Cue | F(2.61, 140.78) = 57.45, p < 0.001*, ηp2 = 0.52 |
| Congruency x group | F(4, 108) = 0.73, p = 0.58, ηp2 = 0.03 |
| Cue x group*** | F(6, 162) = 2.33, p = 0.035*, ηp2 = 0.08 |
| Time x congruency | F(2, 108) = 0.57, p = 0.57, ηp2 = 0.10 |
| Time x congruency x group | F(4, 108) = 1.36, p = 0.25, ηp2 = 0.05 |
| Time x cue | F(3, 162) = 2.69, p = 0.048*, 0.05 |
| Time x cue x group | F(6, 162) = 1.01, p = 0.42, ηp2 = 0.04 |
| Congruency x cue | F(4.81, 259.87) = 8.02, p < 0.001*, ηp2 = 0.13 |
| Congruency x cue x group | F(12, 324) = 0.42, p = 0.96, ηp2 = 0.02 |
| Time x congruency x cue | F(4.44, 240.04) = 0.43, p = 0.81, ηp2 = 0.01 |
| Time x congruency x cue x group | F(12, 324) = 2.35, p = 0.007*, ηp2 = 0.08 |
| Pairwise comparisons for the main effect of congruency | |
| Executive control (incongruent vs. neutral) | t(56) = 27.80, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 3.68 |
| Incongruent vs. congruent | t(56) = 27.66, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 3.66 |
| Congruent vs. neutral | t(56) = 4.25, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 0.56 |
| Pairwise comparisons for the main effect of cue | |
| Alerting (no cue vs. double cue) | t(56) = 7.75, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 1.03 |
| Orienting (center cue vs. valid spatial cue) | t(56) = 5.90, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 0.78 |
| No cue vs. center cue | t(56) = 6.96, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 0.92 |
| No cue vs. valid cue | t(56) = 11.18, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 1.48 |
| Double cue vs. center cue | t(56) = 2.17, FDR p = 0.034**, d = 0.29 |
| Double cue vs. valid cue | t(56) = 4.61, FDR p = 0.001**, d = 0.61 |
| Pairwise comparisons for the interaction: congruency x cue | |
| Congruent: alerting | t(56) = 7.31, FDR p = 0.002**, d = 0.97 |
| Congruent: orienting | t(56) = 3.06, FDR p = 0.005**, d = 0.41 |
| Incongruent: alerting | t(56) = 0.30, FDR p = 0.76, d = 0.04 |
| Incongruent: orienting | t(56) = 5.97, FDR p = 0.002**, d = 0.79 |
| Neutral: alerting | t(56) = 8.25, FDR p = 0.002**, d = 1.09 |
| Neutral: orienting | t(56) = 2.16, FDR p = 0.042**, d = 0.27 |
*Significant at p < 0.05; **Significant at FDR p < 0.05; ***All post-hoc comparisons were non-significant at p < 0.05. The alerting effect is characterized by faster responses on double cue compared to no cued trials. The orienting effect is characterized by faster responses on trials with valid spatial cues compared to trials with center cues.