Table 4.
List of “push” genes manipulated to enhance oil yield and/or change the FA composition in seeds.
| Gene | Gene source | Target species | Strategy | Effect in seed oil content | Effect in fatty Acid composition | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-carboxyltransferase | P. sativum | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 14% | (Wang et al., 2022) | |
| C. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 14% | ↗ C18:1, C18:3; ↘ C16:0, C18:2 | (Wang et al., 2022) | ||
| ACCase | G. hirsutum | G. hirsutum | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 17-22% | (Cui et al., 2017) | |
| S. italica | Z. mays | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 54-65% | (Dong et al., 2002) | ||
| AAD | B. napus | B. napus | Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 30% | ↘ C18:1, C20:1 | (Bryant et al., 2016) |
|
AAD +
FAE1_hairpin + Fat5 + FatB_hairpin + KASII_hairpin |
synthetic A. thaliana C. elegans C. sativa C. sativa |
C. sativa | Overexpression | no significant difference | ↗ Total omega-7 fatty acids | (Nguyen et al., 2015) |
| G. max | Overexpression | no significant difference | ↗ Total omega-7 fatty acids | (Nguyen et al., 2015) | ||
| AAD2 or AAD3 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C16:1 (omega-7), C18:1 (omega-7), C20:1 (omega-7) | (Ettaki et al., 2018) | |
| Down-regulation | ↘ C16:1 (omega-7), C18:1 (omega-7), C20:1 (omega-7) | (Bryant et al., 2016) | ||||
| BASS2 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 10-37% | no significant difference | (Lee et al., 2017) |
| B. napus | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 12% | ↗ C18:0, C18:1; ↘ C16:0, C18:2 | (Tang et al., 2022a) | |
| Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 11% | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:2; ↘ C18:1, C20:1 | (Tang et al., 2022a) | |||
| FATA | J. curcas | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 9% | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C22:0, C22:1 | (Liu et al., 2022) |
| FATB | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↗ C16:1, C18:2; ↘C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:3 | (Bonaventure et al., 2003) | |
| C. sativa | C. sativa | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1, C18:3, C20:1, C22:1; ↘C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0 | (Ozseyhan et al., 2018) | ||
| E. guineensis | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0; ↘ C18:0, C18:1 | (Parveez et al., 2010) | ||
| Down-regulation | ↗ C18:2, C20:0; ↘ C18:0, C18:1, C18:3 | (Parveez et al., 2010) | ||||
| A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3; ↘ C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C20:0, C20:2, C22:0 | (Belide et al., 2012) | ||
| G. max | G. max | Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 10% | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C16:0, C180, C18:2, C18:3 | (Ma et al., 2021) | |
| J. curcas | A. thaliana | Overexpression | no significant difference | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C22:0; ↘ C22:1 | (Liu et al., 2022) | |
| D. butyracea | B. juncea | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 5% | ↗ C16:0, C18:1, C18:2; ↘ C22:1 | (Sinha et al., 2007) | |
| FATB1 + LPAT2 | C. viscosissima + C. viscosissima | T. arvense | Overexpression | ↗C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C22:1, C22:2, C24:1 | (Esfahanian et al., 2021) | |
| FATB1 + LPAT2 + DGAT1 | C. viscosissima + C. viscosissima + C. avigera | T. arvense | Overexpression | ↗ C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C22:1, C22:2, C24:1 | (Esfahanian et al., 2021) | |
| FATB + LPAT | U. californica + C. nucifera | T. arvense | Overexpression | ↗ C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C22:1, C22:2, C24:1 | (Esfahanian et al., 2021) | |
| FATB2 + FatB2 | C. avigera + C. hookeriana | T. arvense | Overexpression | ↗ C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, C22:1, C22:2, C24:1 | (Esfahanian et al., 2021) | |
| FAX1 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 34% | (Tian et al., 2018) | |
| A. thaliana | C. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 4% | ↗ C18:0, C18:1, C18:2; ↘ C18:3, C20:1 | (Cai et al., 2021) | |
| B. napus | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 17% | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C16:0, C20:0, C20:1 | (Xiao et al., 2021) | |
| FAX2 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 30% | ↗ C18:2, C18:3 | (Li et al., 2020) |
| Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 21% | (Tian et al., 2019) | ||||
| Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 18% | (Tian et al., 2019) | ||||
| Down-regulation | ↘ C18:2 | (Li et al., 2020) | ||||
| FAX4 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 30% | ↗ C18:2, C18:3 | (Li et al., 2020) |
| Down-regulation | ↘ C20:1 | (Li et al., 2020) | ||||
| FAX2 + FAX4 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 28% | ↘ C18:3, C20:0 | (Li et al., 2020) |
| GPDH | G. max | G. max | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 24% | ↗ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Zhao et al., 2021) |
| LACS2 | B. napus | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 8% | ↗ C18:2, C20:0, C20:1, C22:0;↘ C18:3, C20:1 | (Ding et al., 2020) |
| Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by 20% | no significant difference | (Ding et al., 2020) | |||
| LACS4 + LACS9 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by 5% | ↗ C18:3; ↘ C18:2 | (Jessen et al., 2015) |
| MCAMT | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 15-20% | ↗ C18:3, C20:1; ↘ C18:2, C22:1 | (Jung et al., 2019) |
| NTT1 | B. napus | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 5.5% | (Hong et al., 2022b | |
| NTT2 | B. napus | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 8% | ↗ C18:1, C18:3; ↘ C18:2 | (Xia et al., 2022) |
| Down-regulation | no significant difference | ↗ C18:2; ↘ C18:1, C18:3 | (Xia et al., 2022) | |||
| PPT1 | B. napus | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 3.3% | no significant difference | (Tang et al., 2022b) |
| Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by 9% | no significant difference | (Tang et al., 2022b) | |||
| SAD | X. sorbifolia | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↘ seed oil content by 8% | ↗ C18:0, C20:0; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:1 | (Zhao et al., 2015) |
| X. sorbifolia | Down-regulation | ↗ C16:0, C18:0; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Zhao et al., 2015) | |||
| P. ostii | A. thaliana | Overexpression | no significant difference | ↗ C18:1, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1; ↘ C18:0 | (Li et al., 2020a) | |
| Z. mays | Z. mays | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 5% | ↘ C18:0 | (Du et al., 2016) | |
| Down-regulation | ↗ seed oil content by up to 10% | ↗ C18:0; ↘ C18:1 | (Du et al., 2016) | |||
| A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↘ seed oil content by up to 5% | ↘ C18:0 | (Du et al., 2016) | ||
| Down-regulation | ↗ seed oil content by up to 23% | ↗ C18:0; ↘ C18:1 | (Du et al., 2016) | |||
| R. communis | H. annuus | Overexpression | ↘ C18:0 | (Rousselin et al., 2002) | ||
| SAD + KASII_hairpin | C. sativa | C. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ C16:1 (omega-7), C18:1 (omega-7), C20:1 (omega-7); ↘ C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:0, C20:1, C20:2, C22:0, C22:1 | (Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2021) |