Table 5.
List of “pull” genes manipulated to enhance oil yield and/or change FA composition in seeds.
| Gene | Gene source | Target species | Strategy | Effect in total seed oil content | Effect in fatty Acid composition | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABCA9 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 24% | no significant difference | (Kim et al., 2013) |
| Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by 16% | ↗ C18:2↘ C18:3 | (Kim et al., 2013) | |||
| C. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 22% | (Cai et al., 2021) | |||
| ACP-desaturase | D. unguis-cati | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C18:2, C18:3, C20:1, C22:1; ↘ C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C20:0 | (Bondaruk et al., 2007) | |
| B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:3 | (Bondaruk et al., 2007) | |||
| AAD | B. napus | B. napus | Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 30% | ↘ C18:1, C20:1 | (Bryant et al., 2016a) |
| ACBP | O. sativa | O. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 10% | ↗ C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C22:0; ↘ C18:1 | (Guo et al., 2019) |
| Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by 20% | ↗ C16:1, C18:1, C20:1; ↘ C14:0 | (Guo et al., 2019) | |||
| DGAT | R. communis | FAH transgenic A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1-OH, C18:2-OH | (Burgal et al., 2008) | |
| DGAT + WRI1 + down-regulated SDP1 | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by 16% | no significant difference | (van Erp et al., 2014) |
| DGAT + WRI1 | A. thaliana | G. max | Over-expression | no significant difference | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:3 | (Arias et al., 2022) |
| FAD | C. abyssinica | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C18:2, C20:1 | (Li et al., 2016b) | |
| FAD+FAE | C. abyssinica | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1, C18:2; ↘ C18:3, C20:1 | (Li et al., 2016b) | |
| C. abyssinica | Down-regulation | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:1; ↘ C18:2, C18:3, C20:2, C22:0, C22:1, C24:0, C24:1 | (Li et al., 2016b) | |||
| FAD2 | A. hypogaea | A. hypogaea | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C18:2 | (Yin et al., 2007) | |
| G. max | G. max | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C16:0, C18:2, C18:3 | (Haun et al., 2014) | ||
| B. napus | B. napus | Down-regulation | ↘ seed oil content by up to 40% | (Chapman et al., 2008) | ||
| T. arvense | T. arvense | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1, C20:1, C22:1; ↘ C16:0, C16:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Jarvis et al., 2021) | ||
| FAD3 | P. suffruticosa | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:3; ↘ C18:1, C18:2 | (Yin et al., 2018) | |
| A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:2; ↘ C16:0, C18:1, C18:3 | (Yin et al., 2018) | ||
| G. max | O. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ C18:3 | (Anai et al., 2003) | ||
| FAD6 | P. irregulare | B. juncea | Overexpression | ↗ C18:3 (gamma); ↘ C18:0; C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Hong et al., 2002) | |
| FAD6 + FAD15 | B. officinalis/A. thaliana | G. max | Overexpression | ↗ C18:3 (alpha and gamma), C18:4 | (Eckert et al., 2006) | |
| FADX | P. granatum | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1, punic acid; ↘ C16:0, C18:0, C18:2, C18:3 | (Mietkiewska et al., 2014) | |
| FADX +FAD2 | P. granatum | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ punic acid; ↘ C16:0, C18:0, C18:2, C18:3 | (Mietkiewska et al., 2014) | |
| FAE | C. abyssinica | A. thaliana | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C18:2, C20:1 | (Li et al., 2016b) | |
| B. juncea | B. juncea | Down-regulation | ↗ seed oil content by up to 11% | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2; ↘ C18:3, C22:1 | (Sinha et al., 2007) | |
| T. majus | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C22:0, C22:1, C24:0; ↘ C18:0, C20:0, C20:1 | (Mietkiewska et al., 2004) | ||
| FAE1 | E. hyemalis | B. carinata | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C20:1, C20:2, C20:3, C24:1; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Meesapyodsuk et al., 2021) | |
| A. thaliana | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 11% | ↗ C22:1 | (Katavic et al., 2000) | |
| C. abyssinica | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C22:0, C22:1, C24:0, C24:1; ↘ C18:0, C18:1, C20:0, C20:1 | (Mietkiewska et al., 2007) | ||
| B. carinata | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1, C22:0, C22:1, C24:0; ↘ C16:0, C18:0, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1 | (Mietkiewska et al., 2007) | |||
| T. arvense | T. arvense | Down-regulation | ↗ C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3; ↘ C20:1, C22:1, C24:1 | (Jarvis et al., 2021) | ||
| FAE1 + FAD2 | T. arvense | T. arvense | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:0, C18:1; ↘ C16:0, C16:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:1, C22:1, C24:1 | (Jarvis et al., 2021) | |
| FAE1 + ROD1 | T. arvense | T. arvense | Down-regulation | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:3; ↘ C16:1, C18:2, C20:1, C22:1, C24:1 | (Jarvis et al., 2021) | |
| FAH | R. communis | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↘ seed oil content by up to 50% | ↗ HFA | (Bates et al., 2014) |
| A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ HFA | (Smith et al., 2003) | |||
| FAH + (DGAT or PDAT) | R. communis | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↘ seed oil content by up to 15% | ↗ HFA | (Bates et al., 2014) |
| FAH + FAE | P. fendleri/R. communis | C. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1-OH, C18:2-OH, C20:1-OH, C20:2-OH | (Snapp et al., 2014) | |
| KCS | C. graeca | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C22:1, C24:1, C26:1; ↘ C20:1 | (Taylor et al., 2009) | |
| B. carinata | Overexpression | ↗ C22:1, C24:1; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Taylor et al., 2009) | |||
| KCS+KCR+HCD+ECR | L. annua, A. thaliana | C. sativa | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C18:3, C22:0, C22:1, C24:0, C24:1; ↘ C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:0, C20:1 | (Huai et al., 2015) | |
| LPAAT2 + FAE1 | E. hyemalis | B. carinata | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 2% | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C20:2, C22:1, C22:2, C22:3, C24:1, C24:2, C24:3; ↘ C18:1, C20:1, C20:2 | (Meesapyodsuk et al., 2021) |
| LPAT+GPAT+DGAT | R. communis | FAH transgenic A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ seed oil content by up to 25% | ↗ HFA | (Shockey et al., 2019) |
| LPCAT | C. abyssinica | C. abyssinica | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1, C20:1; ↘ C22:1 | (Guan et al., 2015) | |
| PDAT | C. abyssinica | C. abyssinica | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C18:2 | (Guan et al., 2015) | |
| R. communis | FAH transgenic A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1-OH, C18:2-OH | (van Erp et al., 2011) | ||
| PDCT | C. abyssinica | C. abyssinica | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1; ↘ C18:2 | (Guan et al., 2015) | |
| PDCT+LPCAT | C. abyssinica | C. abyssinica | Down-regulation | ↗ C18:1, C20:1; ↘ C18:2, C22:1 | (Guan et al., 2015) | |
| ROD1 | T. arvense | T. arvense | Down-regulation | ↗ C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:3, C20:1; ↘ C18:0, C24:1 | (Jarvis et al., 2021) | |
| Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase + FAE | M. alpina (fungus) | G. max | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C18:0, C18:3 (gamma), C20:2, C20:3, C20:4; ↘ C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 (alpha) | (Chen et al., 2006) | |
| Δ6 desaturase | G. max | Down-regulation | (Chen et al., 2006) | |||
| Δ9 elongase | I. galbana | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C20:2, C20:3, C20:4, C20:5; ↘ C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 | (Petrie et al., 2012) | |
| Δ8 and Δ5 desaturases | P. salina | |||||
| Δ9 elongase | I. galbana | B. napus | Overexpression | ↗ C16:0, C20:2, C20:3, C20:4, C20:5; ↘ C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0 | (Petrie et al., 2012) | |
| Δ8 and Δ5 desaturases | P. salina | |||||
| Δ12-oleate hydroxylase | P. fendleri | A. thaliana | Overexpression | ↗ C18:1-OH, C18:2-OH, C20:1-OH, C20:2-OH | (Smith et al., 2000) |