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. 2023 Feb 9;13:2310. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29072-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, assessed by ELISA, according to seroreactive to four HCoVs and age in children who were collected before the COVID-19 pandemic (2015–2018). Seroreactive of the sera to (a) HCoV-229E, (b) HCoV-NL63, (c) HCoV-HKU1, and (d) HCoV-OC43, assessed by ELISA against the respective spike proteins of the different viruses. (e) Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies according to age (negative: n = 246; positive: n = 69). The Y axis represents the ratio to cut-off-value of each antigen, or age, compared with Mann–Whitney U tests. Horizontal lines indicate mean values.