TABLE 1.
Cohort demographics and descriptive statistics
| Total analytic cohort size | 279 |
| Recruitment site (N (%)) | |
| MOMS Orange County | 56 (20.1) |
| Olive View-UCLA Medical Center | 82 (29.4) |
| Westside Family Health Center | 31 (11.1) |
| WIC | 110 (39.4) |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 28.41 (6.34) |
| Country of birth (N (%)) | |
| U.S. | 139 (49.8) |
| Mexico | 109 (39.1) |
| El Salvador | 12 (4.3) |
| Guatemala | 7 (2.5) |
| Another country | 8 (2.9) |
| NA | 4 (1.4) |
| Age moved to US, foreign-born subset (Years) (mean (SD)) | 14.61 (9.35) |
| Mexican heritage or origin (N (%)) | |
| Yes | 246 (88.2) |
| No | 22 (7.9) |
| NA | 11 (3.9) |
| Education (N (%)) | |
| Elementary or incomplete secondary | 32 (11.5) |
| High school or GED | 132 (47.3) |
| Technical or vocational program | 40 (14.3) |
| Associate degree | 16 (5.7) |
| Bachelors or higher | 40 (14.3) |
| Other | 11 (3.9) |
| NA | 8 (2.9) |
| Food insecure (N (%)) | |
| Yes | 121 (43.4) |
| No | 148 (53.0) |
| NA | 10 (3.6) |
| Household currently receiving Food Stamps / CalFresh / SNAP benefits (N (%)) | |
| Yes | 71 (25.4) |
| No | 199 (71.3) |
| NA | 9 (3.2) |
| Household currently receiving WIC benefits (N (%)) | |
| Yes | 187 (67.0) |
| No | 84 (30.1) |
| NA | 8 (2.9) |
| Subjective SES (1–10) (mean (SD)) | 5.75 (1.89) |
| Reproductive status (N (%)) | |
| Trimester 1 | 20 (7.2) |
| Trimester 2 | 49 (17.6) |
| Trimester 3 | 136 (48.7) |
| Trimester unknown | 15 (5.4) |
| Postpartum | 59 (21.1) |
| Parity (N (%)) | |
| 0 | 75 (26.9) |
| 1 | 82 (29.4) |
| 2 | 62 (22.2) |
| 3 | 27 (9.7) |
| 4 | 14 (5.0) |
| 5 | 4(1.4) |
| 6 | 6 (2.2) |
| NA | 9 (3.2) |
| In a romantic relationship (N (%)) | |
| Yes | 246 (88.2) |
| No | 31 (11.1) |
| NA | 2 (0.7) |
| Marital status (N (%)) | |
| Married | 124 (44.4) |
| Never married | 122 (43.7) |
| Separated | 13 (4.7) |
| Divorced | 13 (4.7) |
| NA | 7(2.5) |
| I speak Spanish ··· (N (%)) | |
| Extremely often or almost always | 139 (49.8) |
| Much or very often | 77 (27.6) |
| Moderately | 36 (12.9) |
| Very little or not very often | 18 (6.5) |
| Not at all | 8 (2.9) |
| NA | 1 (0.4) |
| Acculturation category (ARSMA-II) (N (%)) | |
| Very Mexican oriented | 62 (22.2) |
| Mexican oriented to approximately balanced bicultural | 109 (39.1) |
| Slightly Anglo oriented bicultural | 78 (28.0) |
| Strongly Anglo oriented | 27 (9.7) |
| Very assimilated; Anglicized | 3(1.1) |
| ARSMA-II Mexican orientation subscale (mean (SD)) | 3.77 (0.78) |
| ARSMA-II Anglo orientation subscale (mean (SD)) | 3.32 (0.90) |
| Clinical depression likely (EPDS ≥ 9) = TRUE (N (%)) | 54 (19.4) |
| Perinatal depression (EPDS, 0–30) (mean (SD)) | 5.78 (4.60) |
| State anxiety (STAI, 1–4) (mean (SD)) | 1.70 (0.58) |
| Perceived stress (PSS, 0–16) (mean (SD)) | 5.24 (2.61) |
| Happiness (OHQ, 1–6) (mean (SD)) | 4.58 (0.79) |
Caption: WIC: Women, Infants, and Children; SES: Socioeconomic status; ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (Cuellar, Arnold, and Maldonado 1995); EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; STAI: State-trait anxiety inventory (Spielberger 1983); PSS: Perceived stress scale (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein 1983); OHQ: Oxford happiness questionnaire (Hills and Argyle 2002)